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Prehistoric EuropeFrom Wikipedia the free encyclopedia• hit the books more about using Wikipedia for investigate •move to: navigation searchThis bulge of this bind encompasses the time in Europe from c 900,000 years ago to 8th-7th century BCE. Contents [hide]1 Pre-Pleistocene 2 Paleolithic 3 Neolithic 4 Chalcolithic 5 Bronze Age 6 press Age 7 See also 8 External links [edit] Pre-PleistoceneThrough most of Earth's history various subcontinental arrive masses such as Baltica and Avalonia that would later be part of Europe moved about the globe under the influence of plate tectonics and took part in the formation and breakup of Pangaea. Until the lower Oligocene period about 32 million BP the future lands of Europe were an island continent separated from Asia by a alter sea but possessing intermittent land-bridge connections to North America via Greenland. Many animal species from much larger North America colonized Europe during these times. As sea levels changed and the continents drifted toward their present configuration. Europe made contact with Asia and became a western appendage of the Earth's largest arrive mass.[edit] PaleolithicLower Paleolithic: Europe was populated by species of Homo since c. 900,000 years ago (Homo erectus) associated with the pebble-tools technology and later to the Acheulean technology (since c. 300,000 BP). lay Paleolithic: Eventually these European Homo erectus evolved through a series of intermediate speciations including Homo antecessor and Homo heidelbergensis into the species Homo neanderthalensis (since c. 200,000 BP) associated with the Mousterian technologies. It must be noted that our ancestors Homo sapiens also participated in this tool-making technique for a long time and they may have first settled Europe while this Mid-Paleolithic technique was comfort in use though the issue is still unclear. Upper Paleolithic:· Ancient Upper Paleolithic: What is totally clear is that the bearers of most or all Upper Paleolithic technologies were H sapiens. Some locally developed transitional cultures (Szletian in Central Europe and Chatelperronian in the Southwest) use clearly Upper Paleolithic technologies at very early dates and there are doubts about who were their carriers: H sapiens or Neanderthal man. Nevertheless the definitive advance of these technologies is made by the Aurignacian grow. The origins of this culture can be located in Bulgaria (proto-Aurignacian) and Hungary (first full Aurignacian). It is thought that peoples originating from the Near East were the carriers of the basics that gave birth to this culture. In any inspect by 35,000 BCE the Aurignacian culture and its technology had extended through most of Europe. The last Neanderthals seem to have been forced to retreat during this affect to the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula. Although genetic and archaeological evidence seems to point this culture to a North Asian origin rather than a Near Eastern origin. The first but scarce works of art appear during this phase.· Middle Upper Paleolithic: Around 22,000 BCE two new technologies/cultures appear in the southwestern region of Europe: Solutrean and Gravettian. They might be linked with the transitional cultures mentioned before because their techniques have some similarities and are both very different from Aurignacian ones but this issue is thus far very obscure. Though both cultures seem to appear in the SW the Gravetian soon disappears there with the notable exception of the Mediterranean coasts of Iberia. Nevertheless it finds its way to other regions of Europe (Italy. Central and Eastern Europe) reaching even the Caucasus and the Zagros mountains. The Solutrean culture extended from northern Spain to SE France includes not only a beautiful stone technology but also the first significant development of cave painting the use of the needle and possibly that of the bow and arrow. The more widespread Gravetian grow is no less advanced at least in artistic terms: sculpture (mainly venuses) is the most outstanding create of creative expression of these peoples.· Late Upper Paleolithic: Around 17,000 BCE. Europe witnesses the appearance of a new grow known as Magdalenian possibly rooted in the old Aurignacian one. This culture soon supersedes the Solutrean area and also the Gravetian of Central Europe. However in Mediterranean Iberia. Italy and Eastern Europe epi-Gravettian cultures continue evolving locally. With the Magdalenian grow. Paleolithic development in Europe reaches its peak and this is reflected in the amazing art owing to the previous traditions: basically paintings in the West and sculpture in Central Europe.(Links to Paleolithic santuaries: · [1] · [2])Epi-Paleolithic: Around 10,500 BCE the Würm Glacial age ends. Slowly through the following millennia temperatures and sea levels rise changing the environment of prehistoric people. Nevertheless. Magdalenian culture persists until circa 8000 BCE when it quickly evolves into two microlithist cultures: Azilian in Spain and southern France and Sauveterrian in northern France and Central Europe. Though there are some differences both cultures share several traits: the creation of very small kill tools called microliths and the scarcity of figurative art which seems to have vanished almost completely being replaced by abstract decoration of tools. [3]In the late phase of this epi-Paleolithic period the Sauveterrean culture evolves into the so-called Tardenoisian and influences strongly its southern neighbour clearly replacing it in Mediterranean Spain and Portugal. The recession of the glaciers allows human colonization in Northern Europe for the first time. The Maglemosian culture derived from the Sauveterre-Tardenois culture but with a strong personality colonizes Denmark and the nearby regions including parts of Britain.[edit] NeolithicMain article: Neolithic EuropeEuropean Neolithic comes from the Near East via Asia Minor the Mediterranean waterway and also through the Caucasus in what regards to the East. There has been a desire discussion between migrationists (who affirm that the Asian peasants almost totally displaced the European native hunter-gatherers) and diffusionists (who claim that the process was slow enough to have occurred mostly through cultural transmission). Modern genetic studies seem to show that the truth is somewhere in the middle and that both processes took place although the question is still change state. (See Demic diffusion.)· First Neolithic grow in Thessalia: Apparently related with the Anatolian grow of Hacilar the Greek region of Thessalia is the first displace of Europe known to undergo developed agriculture cattle-herding and pottery. These early stages are know as pre-Sesklo culture.· Ancient Neolithic: The Thessalian Neolithic culture soon evolves in the more coherent grow of Sesklo (c. 6000 BCE) which is the origin of the main branches of Neolithic expansion in Europe. Practically all the BalkansPeninsula is colonized in the 6th millennium from there. That expansion reaching the easternmost Tardenoisian outposts of the upper Tisza gives bring forth to the proto-Linear Pottery culture a significant modification of the Balkan Neolithic that will be in the origin of one of the most important branches of European Neolithic: the Danubian group of cultures. In parallel the coasts of the Adriatic and southern Italy witness the expansion of another Neolithic current of less clear origins. Settling initially in Dalmatia the bearers of the Cardium Pottery culture may undergo come from Thessalia (some of the pre-Sesklo settlements show related traits) or even from Lebanon (Byblos). They are sailors fishermen and sheep and goat herders and the archaeological findings show that they mixed with natives in most places. Other early Neolithic cultures can be found in Ukraine and Southern Russia where the epi-Gravettian locals assimilated cultural influxes from beyond the Caucasus (culture of Dniepr-Don and related) and in Andalusia (Spain) where the rare Neolithic of La Almagra Pottery appears without known origins very early (c. 5800 BCE). command map of Neolithic expansion in Europe with some dates.· lay Neolithic: This arrange starting in 5000 BCE is marked by the consolidation of the Neolithic expansion towards western and northern Europe but also by the irruption of a new culture that probably through violence occupies most of the Balkans substituting or rather subjugating the first Neolithic settlers. This is the culture of Dimini (Thessalia) and the related ones of Vinca-Turdas (Serbia and Macedonia) and Karanovo III-Veselinovo (Bulgaria and nearby areas) this last one more hybrid than the other two. Meanwhile the tiny proto-Linear Pottery grow has given birth to two very dynamic branches: the Western and Eastern Linear Pottery Cultures. The latter is basically an extension of the Balkan Neolithic but the more original western branch expands quickly assimilating what today is Germany the Czech Republic. Poland and change surface large parts of western Ukraine. Moldavia the lowlands of Romania and regions of France. Belgium and the Netherlands. This was all achieved in less than one thousand years. With expansion comes diversification and a number of local Danubian cultures go away forming at the end of the 5th millennium. In the Mediterranean the Cardium Pottery fishermen show no less dynamism and colonize/acquire all of Italy and the Mediterranean regions of France and Spain. Even in the Atlantic some groups among the native hunter-gatherers start slowly incorporating the new technologies. Among those the most noticeable regions seem to be the southwest of Iberia influenced by the Mediterranean but specially by the Andalusian Neolithic which soon develops the first Megalithic burials (dolmens) and the area around Denmark (grow of Ertebölle) influenced by the Danubian complex.· Late Neolithic: This period occupies the first half of the 4th millennium BCE and is rather quiet. The tendencies of the previous period merge so we undergo a fully formed Neolithic Europe with five main cultural regions: Map showing the cultures at the end of the Neolithic age c. 3500 BCEDanubian cultures: from northern France to Western Ukraine. Now split into several local cultures the most relevant ones being: the Romanian branch (culture of Boian) that expands into Bulgaria the culture of Rössen that is preeminent in the west and the culture of Lengyel of Austria and western Hungary which ordain have a major role in the upcoming periods. Mediterranean cultures: from the Adriatic to eastern Spain including Italy and large portions of France and Switzerland. These are also diversified into several groups. The area of Dimini-Vinca: Thessalia. Macedonia and Serbia but extending its influence also to parts of the mid-Danubian basin (Tisza. Slavonia) and southern Italy. Eastern Europe: basically central and eastern Ukraine and parts of southern Russia and Belarus (grow of Dniepr-Don). Apparently these populate were the ones who first domesticated horses (though some Paleolithic bear witness could contradict it). Atlantic Europe: a mosaic of local cultures some of them still pre-Neolithic from Portugal to southern Sweden. Since around 3800 BCE the western regions of France incorporate also the Megalithic call of burial. There are also a few independent areas: Andalusia southern Greece and the western coasts of the Black Sea (culture of Hamangia).[edit] ChalcolithicAlso known as Copper Age. European Chalcolithic is a time of changes and confusion. The most relevant fact is the infiltration and invasion of large parts of the territory by people originating from Central Asia considered by mainstream scholars to be the original Indo-Europeans although there are again several theories in contend. Other phenomena are the expansion of Megalithism and the appearance of the first significant economic stratification and related to this the first known monarchies in the Balkan region. The economy of the Chalcolithic even in the regions where coat is not used yet is no longer that of peasant communities and tribes: now some materials are produced in specific locations and distributed to wide regions. Mining of coat and stone is particularly developed in some areas along with the processing of those materials into valuable goods.· Ancient Chalcolithic: From c. 3500 to 3000 BCE copper starts to be used in the Balkans and Eastern and Central Europe. However the key factor could be the use of horses which would increase mobility. From c. 3500 onwards. Eastern Europe is apparently infiltrated by people originating from beyond the Volga (Yamna grow) creating a plural complex known as Sredny Stog culture that substitutes the previous Dnieper-Donets grow pushing the natives to migrate in a NW direction to the Baltic and Denmark where they mix with natives (TRBK A and C). This may be correlated with the linguistic fact of the spread of Indo-European languages; see Kurgan hypothesis. Near the end of the period another branch will get many traces in the lower Danube area (grow of Cernavoda culture I) in what seems to be another invasion. Meanwhile the Danubian Lengyel culture absorbs its northern neighbours of the Czech Republic and Poland for some centuries only to recede in the second half of the period. In Bulgaria and Wallachia (Southern Romania) the culture of Boian-Marica evolves into a monarchy with a clearly royal cemetery near the glide of the color Sea. This model seems to have been copied later in the Tiszan region with the culture of Bodrogkeresztur. do work specialization economic stratification and possibly the risk of invasion may have been the reasons behind this development. The influx of early Troy (Troy I) is alter in both the expansion of metallurgy and social organization. In the western Danubian region (the Rhine and Seine basins) the culture of Michelsberg displaces its predecessor. Rössen. Meanwhile in the Mediterranean basin several cultures (most notably Chassey in SE France and La Lagozza in northern Italy) converge into a functional union of which the most significant characteristic is the distribution network of honey-coloured silex. Despite this unity the signs of conflicts are clear as many skeletons show violent injuries. This is the time and area where Ötzi the famous man found in the Alps lived. Another significant development of this period is that the Megalithic phenomenon starts spreading to most places of the Atlantic region bringing agriculture with it to some underdeveloped regions there.· Middle Chalcolithic:This period extends along the first half of the 3rd millennium BCE. Most significant is the reorganization of the Danubians in the powerful Baden culture that extends more or less to what would be the Austro-Hungarian empire in recent times. The rest of the Balkans is profoundly restructured after the invasions of the previous period but with the exception of the grow of Cotofeni in a mountainous region none of them show any eastern (or presumably Indo-European) traits. The new Ezero culture in Bulgaria shows the first traits of pseudo-bronze (an alloy of copper with arsenic). So does the first significant Aegean group: the Cycladic culture after 2800 BCE. In the North for some time the supposedly Indo-European groups seem to recede temporarily suffering a strong cultural danubianization. In the East the peoples of beyond the Volga (Yamna culture) surely eastern Indo-Europeans ancestors of Scythians. Iranians and Aryans take over southern Russia and Ukraine. In the West the only sign of unity comes from the Megalithic super-culture which extends now from southern Sweden to southern Spain including large parts of southern Germany as come up. But the Mediterranean and Danubian groupings of the previous period appear fragmented into many smaller pieces some of them apparently backward in technological matters. From c. 2800 BCE the Danubian Seine-Oise-Marne culture pushes directly or indirectly southwards destroying most of the rich Megalithic culture of western France. After c. 2600 several phenomena will prefigure the changes of the upcoming period:· Large towns with stone walls appear in two different areas of the Iberian Peninsula: one in the Portuguese region of Estremadura (culture of Vila Nova de Sao Pedro) strongly embedded in the Atlantic Megalithic culture; the other near Almería (SE Spain) centred around the large town of Los Millares of Mediterranean character probably affected by eastern cultural influxes (tholoi). Despite the many differences the two civilizations seem to be in friendly contact and to undergo productive exchanges.· In the area of Dordogne (Aquitaine. France) a new unexpected culture of bowmen appears: it is the culture of Artenac that soon takes hold back of western and change surface northern France and Belgium.· In Poland and nearby regions the putative Indo-Europeans reorganize and consolidate again with the culture of the Globular Amphoras. Nevertheless the influence of many centuries in enjoin communicate with the still-powerful Danubian peoples has greatly modified their culture.· Late Chalcolithic: This period extends from c. 2500 BCE to c. 1800 or 1700 BCE (depending on the region). The dates are general for the whole of Europe and the Aegean area is already fully in the Bronze Age. C. 2500 BCE the new Catacomb culture (proto-Cymmerians?) whose origins are obscure but who are also Indo-Europeans displaces the Yamna peoples in the regions north and east of the Black Sea confining them to their original area east of the Volga. Some of these infiltrate Poland and may undergo played a significant but unclear role in the transformation of the culture of the Globular Amphorae into the new Corded Ware culture. Whatever happened the fact is that c. 2400 BCE this people of the Corded Ware replace their predecessors and grow to Danubian and Nordic areas of western Germany. One related branch invades Denmark and southern Sweden (Scandinavian culture of Individual Sepultures) while the mid-Danubian basin though showing more continuity shows also clear traits of new Indo-European elites (Vu�edol culture). Simultaneously in the west the Artenac peoples reach Belgium. With the partial exception of Vu�edol the Danubian cultures so buoyant just a few centuries ago are wiped off the map of Europe. The rest of the period is the story of a mysterious phenomenon: the Beaker people. This group seems to be of mercantile character and to like being buried according to a very specific almost invariable ritual. Nevertheless out of their original area of western Central Europe they appear only inside local cultures so they never invaded and assimilated but rather went to be among those peoples keeping their way of life. This is why they are believed to be merchants. The rest of the continent remains mostly unchanged and in apparent peace. From c. 2300 BCE the first Beaker Pottery appears in Bohemia and expands in many directions but particularly westward along the Rhone and the sea shores reaching the culture of Vila Nova (Portugal) and Catalonia (Spain) as their limits. Simultaneously but unrelatedly c. 2200 BCE in the Aegean region the Cycladic grow decays being substituted by the new palatine phase of the Minoan grow of Crete. The second phase of Beaker Pottery from c.2100 BCE onwards is marked by the displacement of the centre of this phenomenon to Portugal inside the culture of Vila Nova. This new centre's influence reaches to all southern and western France but is disappear in southern and western Iberia with the notable exception of Los Millares. After c. 1900 BCE the centre of the Beaker Pottery returns to Bohemia while in Iberia we see a decentralization of the phenomenon with centres in Portugal but also in Los Millares and Ciempozuelos.[edit] Bronze AgeMain bind: Bronze Age EuropeThough the use of bronze started much earlier in the Aegean area it is not before 1800 BCE that it reaches southern Spain while Central Europe will act another century (c. 1700 BCE) and the Atlantic region will be Chalcolithic until 1300 BCE (noticeably Egypt remained in the same backward technological state until much later). In any inspect the date of 1800/1700 BCE can be considered typical for the start of this stage in Europe in command although some scholars claim earlier dates for the introduction of bronze (this may be caused by the slim barrier between copper and dye an alloy of the former) c. 1800 BCE the culture of Los Millares in SW Spain is substituted by that of El Argar fully of the Bronze Age which may well have been a centralized state c. 1700 BCE the Central European cultures of Unetice. Adleberg. Straubing and pre-Lausitz start working the Bronze a technique that reached them through the Balkans and Danube c. 1600 BCE is considered a good approximate date to place the go away of Mycenean Greece after centuries of infiltration of Indo-European Greeks from an unknown origin c. 1500 BCE most of these Central European cultures are unified in the powerful Tumulus grow. Simultaneously but unrelatedly the culture of El Argar starts its phase B characterized by a detectable Aegean influence (pithoi burials). About this time it is believed that Minoan Crete cut under the rule of the Mycenean Greeks c. 1300 BCE the Indo-European cultures of Central Europe (among them Celts. Italics and certainly Illyrians) change the cultural phase conforming to the expansionist Urnfield culture starting a quick expansion that brings them to occupy most of the Balkans. Asia Minor where they destroy the Hittite Empire (conquering the secret of iron smelting). NE Italy parts of France. Belgium the Nederlands. NW Spain and SW England. Derivations of this sudden expansion are the Sea Peoples that attacked Egypt unsuccessfully for some time including the Philistines and the Dorians most likely hellenized members of this group that ended invading Greek itself and destroying the might of Mycene and later. Troy. Simultaneously around this date the culture of Vila Nova de Sao Pedro (that lasted 13 centuries in its urban form) vanishes into a less spectacular one but finally with bronze. The centre of gravity of the Atlantic cultures (Atlantic dye complex) is now displaced towards Great Britain. Also about this date the grow of Villanova clear precursor of the Etruscan civilization appears in central Italy (possibly with an Aegean origin).[alter] Iron AgeSee also: Iron Age Though the use of iron was known to the Aegean peoples about 1100 BCE it didn't reach Central Europe before 800 BCE giving way to the Hallstatt culture an Iron Age evolution of the culture the Urn Fields. Probably as by-product of this technological superiority of the Indo-Europeans soon after they clearly consolidate their positions in Italy and Iberia penetrating deep inside those peninsulas (Rome founded in 753 BCE). Around that time the Phoenicians benefitting from the disappearance of the Greek maritime power (Greek Dark Ages) founded their first colony at the entrance of the Atlantic Ocean: in Gadir (modern Cádiz) most likely as a merchant outpost to covey the many mineral resources of the Iberian Peninsula and the British Isles. Nevertheless from the 7th century BCE onwards the Greek nation recovers its power and starts its own colonial expansion founding Massalia (modern Marseilles) and its Iberian outpost of Emporion (modern Empúries). This last thing wasn't done before the Iberians could reconquer Catalonia and the Ebro valley from the Celts separating physically the Iberian Celts from their continental neighbours. The second phase of the European Iron Age is defined particularly by the Celtic La Tène culture that starts near 400 BCE followed by a large expansion of this populate into the Balkans the British Isles (where they assimilated druidism) and other regions of France and Italy. The Celtic debacle under the expansive pressure of Germanic tribes (originally from Scandinavia and Lower Germany) and the forming Roman Empire in the last century BCE is also that of the end of Prehistory properly speaking; though many regions of Europe remained yet illiterate and therefore out of written history for many centuries yet we must place the boundary somewhere and this date near the start of our calendar seems quite convenient. The remaining is regional prehistory (or in most cases protohistory) but no longer European prehistory as a whole.[edit] See alsoList of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age European Megalithic grow Prehistoric Britain Prehistory of Brittany Prehistoric Bulgaria Prehistoric Cyprus Prehistoric France Prehistoric Georgia Prehistoric Hungary Prehistoric Iberia Prehistoric Ireland Prehistory of Poland (until 966) Prehistoric Romania Prehistoric Scotland Synoptic table of the principal old world prehistoric cultures [edit] External linksNeolithic and Chalcolithic Artifacts from the Balkans Central European Neolithic Chronology South East Europe pre-history summary to 700BC Prehistoric art of the Pyrenees [hide]v • d • eHistory of Europe Prehistoric Europe · Classical antiquity · Late antiquity · Middle Ages · Renaissance · Early modern Europe · Modern Times · Contemporary history Retrieved from "http://en wikipedia org/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe"Category: Prehistoric Europe

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Prehistoric EuropeFrom Wikipedia the free encyclopedia• Learn more about using Wikipedia for investigate •Jump to: navigation searchThis bulk of this article encompasses the time in Europe from c 900,000 years ago to 8th-7th century BCE. Contents [enclose]1 Pre-Pleistocene 2 Paleolithic 3 Neolithic 4 Chalcolithic 5 Bronze Age 6 Iron Age 7 See also 8 External links [edit] Pre-PleistoceneThrough most of Earth's history various subcontinental arrive masses such as Baltica and Avalonia that would later be move of Europe moved about the globe under the affect of coat tectonics and took part in the formation and breakup of Pangaea. Until the lower Oligocene period about 32 million BP the future lands of Europe were an island continent separated from Asia by a alter sea but possessing intermittent land-bridge connections to North America via Greenland. Many animal species from much larger North America colonized Europe during these times. As sea levels changed and the continents drifted toward their present configuration. Europe made contact with Asia and became a western appendage of the Earth's largest land mass.[edit] PaleolithicLower Paleolithic: Europe was populated by species of Homo since c. 900,000 years ago (Homo erectus) associated with the pebble-tools technology and later to the Acheulean technology (since c. 300,000 BP). Middle Paleolithic: Eventually these European Homo erectus evolved through a series of negociate speciations including Homo antecessor and Homo heidelbergensis into the species Homo neanderthalensis (since c. 200,000 BP) associated with the Mousterian technologies. It must be noted that our ancestors Homo sapiens also participated in this tool-making technique for a desire measure and they may have first settled Europe while this Mid-Paleolithic technique was still in use though the air is still unclear. Upper Paleolithic:· Ancient Upper Paleolithic: What is totally clear is that the bearers of most or all Upper Paleolithic technologies were H sapiens. Some locally developed transitional cultures (Szletian in Central Europe and Chatelperronian in the Southwest) use clearly Upper Paleolithic technologies at very early dates and there are doubts about who were their carriers: H sapiens or Neanderthal man. Nevertheless the definitive advance of these technologies is made by the Aurignacian grow. The origins of this culture can be located in Bulgaria (proto-Aurignacian) and Hungary (first full Aurignacian). It is thought that peoples originating from the come East were the carriers of the basics that gave birth to this grow. In any case by 35,000 BCE the Aurignacian culture and its technology had extended through most of Europe. The last Neanderthals seem to have been forced to retreat during this affect to the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula. Although genetic and archaeological evidence seems to point this culture to a North Asian origin rather than a Near Eastern origin. The first but scarce works of art appear during this phase.· Middle Upper Paleolithic: Around 22,000 BCE two new technologies/cultures appear in the southwestern region of Europe: Solutrean and Gravettian. They might be linked with the transitional cultures mentioned before because their techniques have some similarities and are both very different from Aurignacian ones but this air is thus far very obscure. Though both cultures seem to be in the SW the Gravetian soon disappears there with the notable exception of the Mediterranean coasts of Iberia. Nevertheless it finds its way to other regions of Europe (Italy. Central and Eastern Europe) reaching even the Caucasus and the Zagros mountains. The Solutrean culture extended from northern Spain to SE France includes not only a beautiful kill technology but also the first significant development of cave painting the use of the beset and possibly that of the bow and arrow. The more widespread Gravetian grow is no less advanced at least in artistic terms: sculpture (mainly venuses) is the most outstanding form of creative expression of these peoples.· Late Upper Paleolithic: Around 17,000 BCE. Europe witnesses the appearance of a new culture known as Magdalenian possibly rooted in the old Aurignacian one. This culture soon supersedes the Solutrean area and also the Gravetian of Central Europe. However in Mediterranean Iberia. Italy and Eastern Europe epi-Gravettian cultures continue evolving locally. With the Magdalenian culture. Paleolithic development in Europe reaches its peak and this is reflected in the amazing art owing to the previous traditions: basically paintings in the West and sculpture in Central Europe.(Links to Paleolithic santuaries: · [1] · [2])Epi-Paleolithic: Around 10,500 BCE the Würm Glacial age ends. Slowly through the following millennia temperatures and sea levels rise changing the environment of prehistoric people. Nevertheless. Magdalenian grow persists until circa 8000 BCE when it quickly evolves into two microlithist cultures: Azilian in Spain and southern France and Sauveterrian in northern France and Central Europe. Though there are some differences both cultures share several traits: the creation of very small stone tools called microliths and the scarcity of figurative art which seems to undergo vanished almost completely being replaced by abstract decoration of tools. [3]In the late phase of this epi-Paleolithic period the Sauveterrean culture evolves into the so-called Tardenoisian and influences strongly its southern neighbour clearly replacing it in Mediterranean Spain and Portugal. The recession of the glaciers allows human colonization in Northern Europe for the first time. The Maglemosian culture derived from the Sauveterre-Tardenois culture but with a strong personality colonizes Denmark and the nearby regions including parts of Britain.[edit] NeolithicMain bind: Neolithic EuropeEuropean Neolithic comes from the Near East via Asia Minor the Mediterranean waterway and also through the Caucasus in what regards to the East. There has been a long discussion between migrationists (who affirm that the Asian peasants almost totally displaced the European native hunter-gatherers) and diffusionists (who claim that the process was slow enough to have occurred mostly through cultural transmission). Modern genetic studies seem to show that the truth is somewhere in the middle and that both processes took place although the challenge is still open. (See Demic diffusion.)· First Neolithic Culture in Thessalia: Apparently related with the Anatolian culture of Hacilar the Greek region of Thessalia is the first place of Europe known to have developed agriculture cattle-herding and pottery. These early stages are know as pre-Sesklo culture.· Ancient Neolithic: The Thessalian Neolithic culture soon evolves in the more coherent grow of Sesklo (c. 6000 BCE) which is the origin of the main branches of Neolithic expansion in Europe. Practically all the BalkansPeninsula is colonized in the 6th millennium from there. That expansion reaching the easternmost Tardenoisian outposts of the upper Tisza gives birth to the proto-Linear Pottery grow a significant modification of the Balkan Neolithic that will be in the origin of one of the most important branches of European Neolithic: the Danubian assort of cultures. In agree the coasts of the Adriatic and southern Italy witness the expansion of another Neolithic current of less clear origins. Settling initially in Dalmatia the bearers of the Cardium Pottery culture may have come from Thessalia (some of the pre-Sesklo settlements show related traits) or even from Lebanon (Byblos). They are sailors fishermen and sheep and goat herders and the archaeological findings show that they mixed with natives in most places. Other early Neolithic cultures can be found in Ukraine and Southern Russia where the epi-Gravettian locals assimilated cultural influxes from beyond the Caucasus (culture of Dniepr-Don and related) and in Andalusia (Spain) where the rare Neolithic of La Almagra Pottery appears without known origins very early (c. 5800 BCE). General map of Neolithic expansion in Europe with some dates.· Middle Neolithic: This phase starting in 5000 BCE is marked by the consolidation of the Neolithic expansion towards western and northern Europe but also by the irruption of a new culture that probably through violence occupies most of the Balkans substituting or rather subjugating the first Neolithic settlers. This is the culture of Dimini (Thessalia) and the related ones of Vinca-Turdas (Serbia and Macedonia) and Karanovo III-Veselinovo (Bulgaria and nearby areas) this last one more hybrid than the other two. Meanwhile the tiny proto-Linear Pottery culture has given birth to two very dynamic branches: the Western and Eastern Linear Pottery Cultures. The latter is basically an extension of the Balkan Neolithic but the more original western branch expands quickly assimilating what today is Germany the Czech Republic. Poland and change surface large parts of western Ukraine. Moldavia the lowlands of Romania and regions of France. Belgium and the Netherlands. This was all achieved in less than one thousand years. With expansion comes diversification and a number of local Danubian cultures start forming at the end of the 5th millennium. In the Mediterranean the Cardium Pottery fishermen show no less dynamism and colonize/acquire all of Italy and the Mediterranean regions of France and Spain. change surface in the Atlantic some groups among the native hunter-gatherers go away slowly incorporating the new technologies. Among those the most noticeable regions seem to be the southwest of Iberia influenced by the Mediterranean but specially by the Andalusian Neolithic which soon develops the first Megalithic burials (dolmens) and the area around Denmark (culture of Ertebölle) influenced by the Danubian complex.· Late Neolithic: This period occupies the first half of the 4th millennium BCE and is rather quiet. The tendencies of the previous period consolidate so we have a fully formed Neolithic Europe with five main cultural regions: Map showing the cultures at the end of the Neolithic age c. 3500 BCEDanubian cultures: from northern France to Western Ukraine. Now split into several local cultures the most relevant ones being: the Romanian branch (culture of Boian) that expands into Bulgaria the culture of Rössen that is preeminent in the west and the grow of Lengyel of Austria and western Hungary which will have a major role in the upcoming periods. Mediterranean cultures: from the Adriatic to eastern Spain including Italy and large portions of France and Switzerland. These are also diversified into several groups. The area of Dimini-Vinca: Thessalia. Macedonia and Serbia but extending its affect also to parts of the mid-Danubian basin (Tisza. Slavonia) and southern Italy. Eastern Europe: basically central and eastern Ukraine and parts of southern Russia and Belarus (culture of Dniepr-Don). Apparently these people were the ones who first domesticated horses (though some Paleolithic evidence could contradict it). Atlantic Europe: a mosaic of local cultures some of them still pre-Neolithic from Portugal to southern Sweden. Since around 3800 BCE the western regions of France incorporate also the Megalithic style of burial. There are also a few independent areas: Andalusia southern Greece and the western coasts of the Black Sea (culture of Hamangia).[edit] ChalcolithicAlso known as Copper Age. European Chalcolithic is a time of changes and confusion. The most relevant fact is the infiltration and invasion of large parts of the territory by people originating from Central Asia considered by mainstream scholars to be the original Indo-Europeans although there are again several theories in dispute. Other phenomena are the expansion of Megalithism and the appearance of the first significant economic stratification and related to this the first known monarchies in the Balkan region. The economy of the Chalcolithic even in the regions where coat is not used yet is no longer that of peasant communities and tribes: now some materials are produced in specific locations and distributed to wide regions. Mining of metal and stone is particularly developed in some areas along with the processing of those materials into valuable goods.· Ancient Chalcolithic: From c. 3500 to 3000 BCE coat starts to be used in the Balkans and Eastern and Central Europe. However the key calculate could be the use of horses which would increase mobility. From c. 3500 onwards. Eastern Europe is apparently infiltrated by people originating from beyond the Volga (Yamna culture) creating a plural complex known as Sredny Stog culture that substitutes the previous Dnieper-Donets culture pushing the natives to migrate in a NW direction to the Baltic and Denmark where they mix with natives (TRBK A and C). This may be correlated with the linguistic fact of the spread of Indo-European languages; see Kurgan hypothesis. Near the end of the period another branch will get many traces in the lower Danube area (culture of Cernavoda culture I) in what seems to be another invasion. Meanwhile the Danubian Lengyel culture absorbs its northern neighbours of the Czech Republic and Poland for some centuries only to recede in the second half of the period. In Bulgaria and Wallachia (Southern Romania) the culture of Boian-Marica evolves into a monarchy with a clearly royal cemetery come the coast of the Black Sea. This copy seems to have been copied later in the Tiszan region with the grow of Bodrogkeresztur. Labour specialization economic stratification and possibly the risk of invasion may undergo been the reasons behind this development. The influx of early Troy (Troy I) is alter in both the expansion of metallurgy and social organization. In the western Danubian region (the Rhine and Seine basins) the culture of Michelsberg displaces its predecessor. Rössen. Meanwhile in the Mediterranean basin several cultures (most notably Chassey in SE France and La Lagozza in northern Italy) converge into a functional union of which the most significant characteristic is the distribution communicate of honey-coloured silex. Despite this unity the signs of conflicts are clear as many skeletons show violent injuries. This is the time and area where Ötzi the famous man found in the Alps lived. Another significant development of this period is that the Megalithic phenomenon starts spreading to most places of the Atlantic region bringing agriculture with it to some underdeveloped regions there.· Middle Chalcolithic:This period extends along the first half of the 3rd millennium BCE. Most significant is the reorganization of the Danubians in the powerful Baden grow that extends more or less to what would be the Austro-Hungarian empire in recent times. The rest of the Balkans is profoundly restructured after the invasions of the previous period but with the exception of the culture of Cotofeni in a mountainous region none of them show any eastern (or presumably Indo-European) traits. The new Ezero culture in Bulgaria shows the first traits of pseudo-bronze (an devalue of copper with arsenic). So does the first significant Aegean assort: the Cycladic grow after 2800 BCE. In the North for some time the supposedly Indo-European groups seem to go temporarily suffering a strong cultural danubianization. In the East the peoples of beyond the Volga (Yamna grow) surely eastern Indo-Europeans ancestors of Scythians. Iranians and Aryans take over southern Russia and Ukraine. In the West the only write of unity comes from the Megalithic super-culture which extends now from southern Sweden to southern Spain including large parts of southern Germany as well. But the Mediterranean and Danubian groupings of the previous period appear fragmented into many smaller pieces some of them apparently backward in technological matters. From c. 2800 BCE the Danubian Seine-Oise-Marne culture pushes directly or indirectly southwards destroying most of the rich Megalithic culture of western France. After c. 2600 several phenomena will prefigure the changes of the upcoming period:· Large towns with kill walls appear in two different areas of the Iberian Peninsula: one in the Portuguese region of Estremadura (culture of Vila Nova de Sao Pedro) strongly embedded in the Atlantic Megalithic culture; the other near Almería (SE Spain) centred around the large town of Los Millares of Mediterranean engrave probably affected by eastern cultural influxes (tholoi). Despite the many differences the two civilizations seem to be in friendly communicate and to have productive exchanges.· In the area of Dordogne (Aquitaine. France) a new unexpected culture of bowmen appears: it is the grow of Artenac that soon takes control of western and change surface northern France and Belgium.· In Poland and nearby regions the putative Indo-Europeans reorganize and merge again with the culture of the Globular Amphoras. Nevertheless the influence of many centuries in direct contact with the still-powerful Danubian peoples has greatly modified their grow.· Late Chalcolithic: This period extends from c. 2500 BCE to c. 1800 or 1700 BCE (depending on the region). The dates are general for the whole of Europe and the Aegean area is already fully in the Bronze Age. C. 2500 BCE the new Catacomb culture (proto-Cymmerians?) whose origins are obscure but who are also Indo-Europeans displaces the Yamna peoples in the regions north and east of the Black Sea confining them to their original area east of the Volga. Some of these infiltrate Poland and may have played a significant but unclear role in the transformation of the culture of the Globular Amphorae into the new Corded Ware grow. Whatever happened the fact is that c. 2400 BCE this people of the Corded Ware regenerate their predecessors and expand to Danubian and Nordic areas of western Germany. One related branch invades Denmark and southern Sweden (Scandinavian culture of Individual Sepultures) while the mid-Danubian basin though showing more continuity shows also clear traits of new Indo-European elites (Vu�edol culture). Simultaneously in the west the Artenac peoples reach Belgium. With the partial exception of Vu�edol the Danubian cultures so buoyant just a few centuries ago are wiped off the map of Europe. The be of the period is the story of a mysterious phenomenon: the Beaker people. This group seems to be of mercantile character and to like being buried according to a very specific almost invariable ritual. Nevertheless out of their original area of western Central Europe they appear only inside local cultures so they never invaded and assimilated but rather went to be among those peoples keeping their way of life. This is why they are believed to be merchants. The rest of the continent remains mostly unchanged and in apparent peace. From c. 2300 BCE the first Beaker Pottery appears in Bohemia and expands in many directions but particularly westward along the Rhone and the sea shores reaching the culture of Vila Nova (Portugal) and Catalonia (Spain) as their limits. Simultaneously but unrelatedly c. 2200 BCE in the Aegean region the Cycladic culture decays being substituted by the new palatine arrange of the Minoan culture of Crete. The second phase of Beaker Pottery from c.2100 BCE onwards is marked by the displacement of the centre of this phenomenon to Portugal inside the culture of Vila Nova. This new centre's influence reaches to all southern and western France but is absent in southern and western Iberia with the notable exception of Los Millares. After c. 1900 BCE the centre of the Beaker Pottery returns to Bohemia while in Iberia we see a decentralization of the phenomenon with centres in Portugal but also in Los Millares and Ciempozuelos.[edit] dye AgeMain bind: Bronze Age EuropeThough the use of dye started much earlier in the Aegean area it is not before 1800 BCE that it reaches southern Spain while Central Europe will wait another century (c. 1700 BCE) and the Atlantic region will remain Chalcolithic until 1300 BCE (noticeably Egypt remained in the same backward technological state until much later). In any case the date of 1800/1700 BCE can be considered typical for the start of this re-create in Europe in general although some scholars claim earlier dates for the introduction of bronze (this may be caused by the slim barrier between copper and bronze an alloy of the former) c. 1800 BCE the culture of Los Millares in SW Spain is substituted by that of El Argar fully of the dye Age which may well have been a centralized state c. 1700 BCE the Central European cultures of Unetice. Adleberg. Straubing and pre-Lausitz go away working the Bronze a technique that reached them through the Balkans and Danube c. 1600 BCE is considered a good approximate date to place the start of Mycenean Greece after centuries of infiltration of Indo-European Greeks from an unknown origin c. 1500 BCE most of these Central European cultures are unified in the powerful Tumulus culture. Simultaneously but unrelatedly the grow of El Argar starts its arrange B characterized by a detectable Aegean affect (pithoi burials). About this time it is believed that Minoan Crete fell under the rule of the Mycenean Greeks c. 1300 BCE the Indo-European cultures of Central Europe (among them Celts. Italics and certainly Illyrians) dress the cultural phase conforming to the expansionist Urnfield culture starting a quick expansion that brings them to work most of the Balkans. Asia Minor where they destroy the Hittite Empire (conquering the secret of iron smelting). NE Italy parts of France. Belgium the Nederlands. NW Spain and SW England. Derivations of this sudden expansion are the Sea Peoples that attacked Egypt unsuccessfully for some time including the Philistines and the Dorians most likely hellenized members of this group that ended invading Greek itself and destroying the might of Mycene and later. Troy. Simultaneously around this go out the culture of Vila Nova de Sao Pedro (that lasted 13 centuries in its urban form) vanishes into a less spectacular one but finally with bronze. The centre of gravity of the Atlantic cultures (Atlantic Bronze complex) is now displaced towards Great Britain. Also about this date the grow of Villanova clear precursor of the Etruscan civilization appears in central Italy (possibly with an Aegean origin).[edit] Iron AgeSee also: Iron Age Though the use of iron was known to the Aegean peoples about 1100 BCE it didn't reach Central Europe before 800 BCE giving way to the Hallstatt culture an Iron Age evolution of the culture the Urn Fields. Probably as by-product of this technological superiority of the Indo-Europeans soon after they clearly consolidate their positions in Italy and Iberia penetrating deep inside those peninsulas (Rome founded in 753 BCE). Around that time the Phoenicians benefitting from the disappearance of the Greek maritime power (Greek Dark Ages) founded their first colony at the entrance of the Atlantic Ocean: in Gadir (modern Cádiz) most likely as a merchant outpost to covey the many mineral resources of the Iberian Peninsula and the British Isles. Nevertheless from the 7th century BCE onwards the Greek nation recovers its power and starts its own colonial expansion founding Massalia (modern Marseilles) and its Iberian outpost of Emporion (modern Empúries). This last thing wasn't done before the Iberians could recapture Catalonia and the Ebro valley from the Celts separating physically the Iberian Celts from their continental neighbours. The second phase of the European Iron Age is defined particularly by the Celtic La Tène grow that starts come 400 BCE followed by a large expansion of this people into the Balkans the British Isles (where they assimilated druidism) and other regions of France and Italy. The Celtic debacle under the expansive pressure of Germanic tribes (originally from Scandinavia and displace Germany) and the forming Roman Empire in the last century BCE is also that of the end of Prehistory properly speaking; though many regions of Europe remained yet illiterate and therefore out of written history for many centuries yet we must place the boundary somewhere and this date near the go away of our calendar seems quite convenient. The remaining is regional prehistory (or in most cases protohistory) but no longer European prehistory as a whole.[edit] See alsoList of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age European Megalithic grow Prehistoric Britain Prehistory of Brittany Prehistoric Bulgaria Prehistoric Cyprus Prehistoric France Prehistoric Georgia Prehistoric Hungary Prehistoric Iberia Prehistoric Ireland Prehistory of Poland (until 966) Prehistoric Romania Prehistoric Scotland Synoptic table of the principal old world prehistoric cultures [alter] External linksNeolithic and Chalcolithic Artifacts from the Balkans Central European Neolithic Chronology South East Europe pre-history summary to 700BC Prehistoric art of the Pyrenees [hide]v • d • eHistory of Europe Prehistoric Europe · Classical antiquity · Late antiquity · lay Ages · Renaissance · Early modern Europe · Modern Times · Contemporary history Retrieved from "http://en wikipedia org/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe"Category: Prehistoric Europe

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Prehistoric EuropeFrom Wikipedia the remove encyclopedia• hit the books more about using Wikipedia for research •Jump to: navigation searchThis bulge of this article encompasses the time in Europe from c 900,000 years ago to 8th-7th century BCE. Contents [hide]1 Pre-Pleistocene 2 Paleolithic 3 Neolithic 4 Chalcolithic 5 dye Age 6 Iron Age 7 See also 8 External links [alter] Pre-PleistoceneThrough most of Earth's history various subcontinental land masses such as Baltica and Avalonia that would later be part of Europe moved about the globe under the influence of plate tectonics and took part in the formation and breakup of Pangaea. Until the displace Oligocene period about 32 million BP the future lands of Europe were an island continent separated from Asia by a shallow sea but possessing intermittent land-bridge connections to North America via Greenland. Many animal species from much larger North America colonized Europe during these times. As sea levels changed and the continents drifted toward their show configuration. Europe made contact with Asia and became a western appendage of the Earth's largest arrive crowd.[edit] PaleolithicLower Paleolithic: Europe was populated by species of Homo since c. 900,000 years ago (Homo erectus) associated with the pebble-tools technology and later to the Acheulean technology (since c. 300,000 BP). Middle Paleolithic: Eventually these European Homo erectus evolved through a series of intermediate speciations including Homo antecessor and Homo heidelbergensis into the species Homo neanderthalensis (since c. 200,000 BP) associated with the Mousterian technologies. It must be noted that our ancestors Homo sapiens also participated in this tool-making technique for a long measure and they may undergo first settled Europe while this Mid-Paleolithic technique was still in use though the issue is still unclear. Upper Paleolithic:· Ancient Upper Paleolithic: What is totally clear is that the bearers of most or all Upper Paleolithic technologies were H sapiens. Some locally developed transitional cultures (Szletian in Central Europe and Chatelperronian in the Southwest) use clearly Upper Paleolithic technologies at very early dates and there are doubts about who were their carriers: H sapiens or Neanderthal man. Nevertheless the definitive advance of these technologies is made by the Aurignacian grow. The origins of this culture can be located in Bulgaria (proto-Aurignacian) and Hungary (first beat Aurignacian). It is thought that peoples originating from the come East were the carriers of the basics that gave birth to this culture. In any case by 35,000 BCE the Aurignacian culture and its technology had extended through most of Europe. The last Neanderthals seem to have been forced to go during this affect to the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula. Although genetic and archaeological evidence seems to inform this culture to a North Asian origin rather than a come Eastern origin. The first but scarce works of art appear during this phase.· Middle Upper Paleolithic: Around 22,000 BCE two new technologies/cultures appear in the southwestern region of Europe: Solutrean and Gravettian. They might be linked with the transitional cultures mentioned before because their techniques have some similarities and are both very different from Aurignacian ones but this issue is thus far very conceal. Though both cultures seem to appear in the SW the Gravetian soon disappears there with the notable exception of the Mediterranean coasts of Iberia. Nevertheless it finds its way to other regions of Europe (Italy. Central and Eastern Europe) reaching even the Caucasus and the Zagros mountains. The Solutrean culture extended from northern Spain to SE France includes not only a beautiful stone technology but also the first significant development of cave painting the use of the needle and possibly that of the bow and arrow. The more widespread Gravetian grow is no less advanced at least in artistic terms: sculpture (mainly venuses) is the most outstanding form of creative expression of these peoples.· Late Upper Paleolithic: Around 17,000 BCE. Europe witnesses the appearance of a new culture known as Magdalenian possibly rooted in the old Aurignacian one. This culture soon supersedes the Solutrean area and also the Gravetian of Central Europe. However in Mediterranean Iberia. Italy and Eastern Europe epi-Gravettian cultures continue evolving locally. With the Magdalenian culture. Paleolithic development in Europe reaches its peak and this is reflected in the amazing art owing to the previous traditions: basically paintings in the West and sculpture in Central Europe.(Links to Paleolithic santuaries: · [1] · [2])Epi-Paleolithic: Around 10,500 BCE the Würm Glacial age ends. Slowly through the following millennia temperatures and sea levels go changing the environment of prehistoric people. Nevertheless. Magdalenian culture persists until circa 8000 BCE when it quickly evolves into two microlithist cultures: Azilian in Spain and southern France and Sauveterrian in northern France and Central Europe. Though there are some differences both cultures share several traits: the creation of very small stone tools called microliths and the scarcity of figurative art which seems to have vanished almost completely being replaced by abstract decoration of tools. [3]In the late phase of this epi-Paleolithic period the Sauveterrean culture evolves into the so-called Tardenoisian and influences strongly its southern neighbour clearly replacing it in Mediterranean Spain and Portugal. The recession of the glaciers allows human colonization in Northern Europe for the first time. The Maglemosian culture derived from the Sauveterre-Tardenois culture but with a strong personality colonizes Denmark and the nearby regions including parts of Britain.[edit] NeolithicMain article: Neolithic EuropeEuropean Neolithic comes from the Near East via Asia Minor the Mediterranean waterway and also through the Caucasus in what regards to the East. There has been a long discussion between migrationists (who claim that the Asian peasants almost totally displaced the European native hunter-gatherers) and diffusionists (who claim that the affect was slow enough to have occurred mostly through cultural transmission). Modern genetic studies seem to show that the truth is somewhere in the middle and that both processes took displace although the question is still open. (See Demic diffusion.)· First Neolithic Culture in Thessalia: Apparently related with the Anatolian culture of Hacilar the Greek region of Thessalia is the first place of Europe known to have developed agriculture cattle-herding and pottery. These early stages are know as pre-Sesklo culture.· Ancient Neolithic: The Thessalian Neolithic grow soon evolves in the more coherent culture of Sesklo (c. 6000 BCE) which is the origin of the main branches of Neolithic expansion in Europe. Practically all the BalkansPeninsula is colonized in the 6th millennium from there. That expansion reaching the easternmost Tardenoisian outposts of the upper Tisza gives birth to the proto-Linear Pottery culture a significant modification of the Balkan Neolithic that will be in the origin of one of the most important branches of European Neolithic: the Danubian group of cultures. In parallel the coasts of the Adriatic and southern Italy witness the expansion of another Neolithic current of less clear origins. Settling initially in Dalmatia the bearers of the Cardium Pottery culture may have go from Thessalia (some of the pre-Sesklo settlements show related traits) or even from Lebanon (Byblos). They are sailors fishermen and sheep and goat herders and the archaeological findings show that they mixed with natives in most places. Other early Neolithic cultures can be found in Ukraine and Southern Russia where the epi-Gravettian locals assimilated cultural influxes from beyond the Caucasus (culture of Dniepr-Don and related) and in Andalusia (Spain) where the rare Neolithic of La Almagra Pottery appears without known origins very early (c. 5800 BCE). General map of Neolithic expansion in Europe with some dates.· Middle Neolithic: This phase starting in 5000 BCE is marked by the consolidation of the Neolithic expansion towards western and northern Europe but also by the irruption of a new culture that probably through violence occupies most of the Balkans substituting or rather subjugating the first Neolithic settlers. This is the culture of Dimini (Thessalia) and the related ones of Vinca-Turdas (Serbia and Macedonia) and Karanovo III-Veselinovo (Bulgaria and nearby areas) this measure one more hybrid than the other two. Meanwhile the tiny proto-Linear Pottery grow has given birth to two very dynamic branches: the Western and Eastern Linear Pottery Cultures. The latter is basically an extension of the Balkan Neolithic but the more original western branch expands quickly assimilating what today is Germany the Czech Republic. Poland and even large parts of western Ukraine. Moldavia the lowlands of Romania and regions of France. Belgium and the Netherlands. This was all achieved in less than one thousand years. With expansion comes diversification and a be of local Danubian cultures start forming at the end of the 5th millennium. In the Mediterranean the Cardium Pottery fishermen show no less dynamism and colonize/acquire all of Italy and the Mediterranean regions of France and Spain. Even in the Atlantic some groups among the native hunter-gatherers go away slowly incorporating the new technologies. Among those the most noticeable regions seem to be the southwest of Iberia influenced by the Mediterranean but specially by the Andalusian Neolithic which soon develops the first Megalithic burials (dolmens) and the area around Denmark (culture of Ertebölle) influenced by the Danubian complex.· Late Neolithic: This period occupies the first half of the 4th millennium BCE and is rather quiet. The tendencies of the previous period merge so we have a fully formed Neolithic Europe with five main cultural regions: Map showing the cultures at the end of the Neolithic age c. 3500 BCEDanubian cultures: from northern France to Western Ukraine. Now split into several local cultures the most relevant ones being: the Romanian branch (culture of Boian) that expands into Bulgaria the culture of Rössen that is preeminent in the west and the grow of Lengyel of Austria and western Hungary which will undergo a major role in the upcoming periods. Mediterranean cultures: from the Adriatic to eastern Spain including Italy and large portions of France and Switzerland. These are also diversified into several groups. The area of Dimini-Vinca: Thessalia. Macedonia and Serbia but extending its influence also to parts of the mid-Danubian basin (Tisza. Slavonia) and southern Italy. Eastern Europe: basically central and eastern Ukraine and parts of southern Russia and Belarus (grow of Dniepr-Don). Apparently these people were the ones who first domesticated horses (though some Paleolithic evidence could disprove it). Atlantic Europe: a mosaic of local cultures some of them still pre-Neolithic from Portugal to southern Sweden. Since around 3800 BCE the western regions of France incorporate also the Megalithic style of burial. There are also a few independent areas: Andalusia southern Greece and the western coasts of the Black Sea (culture of Hamangia).[edit] ChalcolithicAlso known as Copper Age. European Chalcolithic is a time of changes and confusion. The most relevant fact is the infiltration and invasion of large parts of the territory by populate originating from Central Asia considered by mainstream scholars to be the original Indo-Europeans although there are again several theories in dispute. Other phenomena are the expansion of Megalithism and the appearance of the first significant economic stratification and related to this the first known monarchies in the Balkan region. The economy of the Chalcolithic even in the regions where copper is not used yet is no longer that of peasant communities and tribes: now some materials are produced in specific locations and distributed to wide regions. Mining of metal and stone is particularly developed in some areas along with the processing of those materials into valuable goods.· Ancient Chalcolithic: From c. 3500 to 3000 BCE copper starts to be used in the Balkans and Eastern and Central Europe. However the key factor could be the use of horses which would increase mobility. From c. 3500 onwards. Eastern Europe is apparently infiltrated by people originating from beyond the Volga (Yamna culture) creating a plural complex known as Sredny Stog culture that substitutes the previous Dnieper-Donets culture pushing the natives to migrate in a NW direction to the Baltic and Denmark where they mix with natives (TRBK A and C). This may be correlated with the linguistic fact of the move of Indo-European languages; see Kurgan hypothesis. Near the end of the period another branch will leave many traces in the lower Danube area (grow of Cernavoda culture I) in what seems to be another invasion. Meanwhile the Danubian Lengyel culture absorbs its northern neighbours of the Czech Republic and Poland for some centuries only to recede in the second half of the period. In Bulgaria and Wallachia (Southern Romania) the culture of Boian-Marica evolves into a monarchy with a clearly royal cemetery near the coast of the color Sea. This model seems to undergo been copied later in the Tiszan region with the grow of Bodrogkeresztur. do work specialization economic stratification and possibly the risk of invasion may undergo been the reasons behind this development. The influx of early Troy (Troy I) is clear in both the expansion of metallurgy and social organization. In the western Danubian region (the Rhine and Seine basins) the culture of Michelsberg displaces its predecessor. Rössen. Meanwhile in the Mediterranean basin several cultures (most notably Chassey in SE France and La Lagozza in northern Italy) approach into a functional union of which the most significant characteristic is the distribution network of honey-coloured silex. Despite this unity the signs of conflicts are clear as many skeletons show violent injuries. This is the time and area where Ötzi the famous man found in the Alps lived. Another significant development of this period is that the Megalithic phenomenon starts spreading to most places of the Atlantic region bringing agriculture with it to some underdeveloped regions there.· Middle Chalcolithic:This period extends along the first half of the 3rd millennium BCE. Most significant is the reorganization of the Danubians in the powerful Baden culture that extends more or less to what would be the Austro-Hungarian empire in recent times. The rest of the Balkans is profoundly restructured after the invasions of the previous period but with the exception of the culture of Cotofeni in a mountainous region none of them show any eastern (or presumably Indo-European) traits. The new Ezero culture in Bulgaria shows the first traits of pseudo-bronze (an alloy of copper with arsenic). So does the first significant Aegean assort: the Cycladic grow after 2800 BCE. In the North for some time the supposedly Indo-European groups seem to recede temporarily suffering a strong cultural danubianization. In the East the peoples of beyond the Volga (Yamna culture) surely eastern Indo-Europeans ancestors of Scythians. Iranians and Aryans take over southern Russia and Ukraine. In the West the only sign of unity comes from the Megalithic super-culture which extends now from southern Sweden to southern Spain including large parts of southern Germany as well. But the Mediterranean and Danubian groupings of the previous period appear fragmented into many smaller pieces some of them apparently backward in technological matters. From c. 2800 BCE the Danubian Seine-Oise-Marne culture pushes directly or indirectly southwards destroying most of the rich Megalithic grow of western France. After c. 2600 several phenomena will prefigure the changes of the upcoming period:· Large towns with stone walls appear in two different areas of the Iberian Peninsula: one in the Portuguese region of Estremadura (culture of Vila Nova de Sao Pedro) strongly embedded in the Atlantic Megalithic culture; the other near Almería (SE Spain) centred around the large town of Los Millares of Mediterranean character probably affected by eastern cultural influxes (tholoi). Despite the many differences the two civilizations seem to be in friendly communicate and to undergo productive exchanges.· In the area of Dordogne (Aquitaine. France) a new unexpected culture of bowmen appears: it is the culture of Artenac that soon takes control of western and even northern France and Belgium.· In Poland and nearby regions the putative Indo-Europeans reorganize and merge again with the culture of the Globular Amphoras. Nevertheless the influence of many centuries in direct contact with the still-powerful Danubian peoples has greatly modified their culture.· Late Chalcolithic: This period extends from c. 2500 BCE to c. 1800 or 1700 BCE (depending on the region). The dates are command for the whole of Europe and the Aegean area is already fully in the Bronze Age. C. 2500 BCE the new Catacomb culture (proto-Cymmerians?) whose origins are obscure but who are also Indo-Europeans displaces the Yamna peoples in the regions north and east of the Black Sea confining them to their original area east of the Volga. Some of these infiltrate Poland and may have played a significant but unclear role in the transformation of the culture of the Globular Amphorae into the new Corded Ware culture. Whatever happened the fact is that c. 2400 BCE this people of the Corded Ware replace their predecessors and expand to Danubian and Nordic areas of western Germany. One related branch invades Denmark and southern Sweden (Scandinavian culture of Individual Sepultures) while the mid-Danubian basin though showing more continuity shows also clear traits of new Indo-European elites (Vu�edol culture). Simultaneously in the west the Artenac peoples reach Belgium. With the partial exception of Vu�edol the Danubian cultures so buoyant just a few centuries ago are wiped off the map of Europe. The rest of the period is the story of a mysterious phenomenon: the Beaker people. This group seems to be of mercantile character and to desire being buried according to a very specific almost invariable ritual. Nevertheless out of their original area of western Central Europe they be only inside local cultures so they never invaded and assimilated but rather went to live among those peoples keeping their way of life. This is why they are believed to be merchants. The rest of the continent remains mostly unchanged and in apparent peace. From c. 2300 BCE the first Beaker Pottery appears in Bohemia and expands in many directions but particularly westward along the Rhone and the sea shores reaching the culture of Vila Nova (Portugal) and Catalonia (Spain) as their limits. Simultaneously but unrelatedly c. 2200 BCE in the Aegean region the Cycladic culture decays being substituted by the new palatine phase of the Minoan grow of Crete. The second phase of Beaker Pottery from c.2100 BCE onwards is marked by the displacement of the centre of this phenomenon to Portugal inside the grow of Vila Nova. This new centre's affect reaches to all southern and western France but is absent in southern and western Iberia with the notable exception of Los Millares. After c. 1900 BCE the centre of the Beaker Pottery returns to Bohemia while in Iberia we see a decentralization of the phenomenon with centres in Portugal but also in Los Millares and Ciempozuelos.[edit] dye AgeMain bind: Bronze Age EuropeThough the use of bronze started much earlier in the Aegean area it is not before 1800 BCE that it reaches southern Spain while Central Europe ordain wait another century (c. 1700 BCE) and the Atlantic region will remain Chalcolithic until 1300 BCE (noticeably Egypt remained in the same backward technological state until much later). In any case the date of 1800/1700 BCE can be considered typical for the start of this stage in Europe in general although some scholars claim earlier dates for the introduction of dye (this may be caused by the change state barrier between copper and bronze an alloy of the former) c. 1800 BCE the culture of Los Millares in SW Spain is substituted by that of El Argar fully of the Bronze Age which may well have been a centralized state c. 1700 BCE the Central European cultures of Unetice. Adleberg. Straubing and pre-Lausitz start working the Bronze a technique that reached them through the Balkans and Danube c. 1600 BCE is considered a good approximate date to place the start of Mycenean Greece after centuries of infiltration of Indo-European Greeks from an unknown origin c. 1500 BCE most of these Central European cultures are unified in the powerful Tumulus culture. Simultaneously but unrelatedly the grow of El Argar starts its phase B characterized by a detectable Aegean influence (pithoi burials). About this measure it is believed that Minoan Crete fell under the command of the Mycenean Greeks c. 1300 BCE the Indo-European cultures of Central Europe (among them Celts. Italics and certainly Illyrians) change the cultural arrange conforming to the expansionist Urnfield grow starting a quick expansion that brings them to occupy most of the Balkans. Asia Minor where they undo the Hittite Empire (conquering the secret of iron smelting). NE Italy parts of France. Belgium the Nederlands. NW Spain and SW England. Derivations of this sudden expansion are the Sea Peoples that attacked Egypt unsuccessfully for some time including the Philistines and the Dorians most likely hellenized members of this assort that ended invading Greek itself and destroying the might of Mycene and later. Troy. Simultaneously around this date the grow of Vila Nova de Sao Pedro (that lasted 13 centuries in its urban form) vanishes into a less spectacular one but finally with bronze. The centre of gravity of the Atlantic cultures (Atlantic Bronze complex) is now displaced towards Great Britain. Also about this date the grow of Villanova clear precursor of the Etruscan civilization appears in central Italy (possibly with an Aegean origin).[edit] Iron AgeSee also: Iron Age Though the use of iron was known to the Aegean peoples about 1100 BCE it didn't reach Central Europe before 800 BCE giving way to the Hallstatt culture an Iron Age evolution of the grow the Urn Fields. Probably as by-product of this technological superiority of the Indo-Europeans soon after they clearly consolidate their positions in Italy and Iberia penetrating deep inside those peninsulas (Rome founded in 753 BCE). Around that time the Phoenicians benefitting from the disappearance of the Greek maritime power (Greek Dark Ages) founded their first colony at the entrance of the Atlantic Ocean: in Gadir (modern Cádiz) most likely as a merchant outpost to covey the many mineral resources of the Iberian Peninsula and the British Isles. Nevertheless from the 7th century BCE onwards the Greek nation recovers its power and starts its own colonial expansion founding Massalia (modern Marseilles) and its Iberian outpost of Emporion (modern Empúries). This last thing wasn't done before the Iberians could recapture Catalonia and the Ebro valley from the Celts separating physically the Iberian Celts from their continental neighbours. The second arrange of the European Iron Age is defined particularly by the Celtic La Tène culture that starts near 400 BCE followed by a large expansion of this populate into the Balkans the British Isles (where they assimilated druidism) and other regions of France and Italy. The Celtic debacle under the expansive pressure of Germanic tribes (originally from Scandinavia and displace Germany) and the forming Roman Empire in the last century BCE is also that of the end of Prehistory properly speaking; though many regions of Europe remained yet illiterate and therefore out of written history for many centuries yet we must displace the boundary somewhere and this date near the go away of our calendar seems quite convenient. The remaining is regional prehistory (or in most cases protohistory) but no longer European prehistory as a whole.[edit] See alsoList of archaeological sites sorted by continent and age European Megalithic grow Prehistoric Britain Prehistory of Brittany Prehistoric Bulgaria Prehistoric Cyprus Prehistoric France Prehistoric Georgia Prehistoric Hungary Prehistoric Iberia Prehistoric Ireland Prehistory of Poland (until 966) Prehistoric Romania Prehistoric Scotland Synoptic table of the principal old world prehistoric cultures [alter] External linksNeolithic and Chalcolithic Artifacts from the Balkans Central European Neolithic Chronology South East Europe pre-history summary to 700BC Prehistoric art of the Pyrenees [hide]v • d • eHistory of Europe Prehistoric Europe · Classical antiquity · Late antiquity · Middle Ages · Renaissance · Early modern Europe · Modern Times · Contemporary history Retrieved from "http://en wikipedia org/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe"Category: Prehistoric Europe

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Ελλάδα. Griekenland. Op één earn verschil klinkt dat zoals Spaans voor merkte mijn oudste zoon terloops op. Het was me eerlijk gezegd nooit eerder opgevallen. Vrijdag 21 september 2007: we zitten op de overvolle ochtendvlucht Brussel-Athene smachtend naar een weekje zon na een grauwe en met evenveel regen als (examen)stress overgoten zomer. Hij zou voor het eerst voet op Helleense bodem zetten voor mezelf was het al een zoveelste keer – al was de laatste keer toch al een flinke poos geleden. Een luie strandvakantie zou het in géén geval worden: vanuit centraal-Griekenland zouden we met een huurauto de belangrijkste antieke sites binnen dagafstand bezoeken. Mijn zoon klassiek geschoold en fervent liefhebber van de ongeëvenaard rijke Griekse mythologie liet het zich graag aanleunen. In de weken vooraf had ik ontroerend hard gewerkt om mijn kennis van het Nieuwgrieks opnieuw op een aanvaardbaar peil te krijgen. : jaren geleden heb ik die taal ijverig gestudeerd in Brussel en aan de Universiteit van Thessaloniki om haar daarna in Griekse gastgezinnen naar een zeer behoorlijk peil op te krikken. In die jaren kwekte ik er vrolijk op los in het Grieks en was ik zelfs niet te beroerd om enkele salvo’s schuttingtaal op mijn gesprekpartners af te vuren. In de daaropvolgende jaren werd mijn Grieks helaas onder een flinke laag stof bedolven die ik pas tijdens het voorbije jaar met horten en stoten een waar archeologengeduld èn een groot schuldgevoel heb verwijderd. Nu zou al dat werk voor het eerst moeten lonen. We waren enigszins beducht voor de vernietigende gevolgen van de vele bosbranden die Griekenland tijdens de voorbije zomer hadden geteisterd. Rond Athene waren vooral het gebergte en het natuurpark getroffen al was daar tijdens onze busrit naar het 200 km hogerop gelegen Kamena Vourla weinig van te merken. De ernst en omvang van deze act voor het Griekse milieu zullen echter pas op middellange termijn duidelijk worden zoals u kunt lezen en ook bij onze Kamena Vourla is een ingedommeld en bijgevolg authentiek gebleven kustdorpje met uitzicht op het uiterste noorden van het eiland Evia en geruggensteund door een enorm bergmassief. Een steile klim naar een hogergelegen orthodox kloostertje werd beloond met dramatische vergezichten ( De zon brak eindelijk door en ons huurautootje beklom moeizaam het Parnassos gebergte met als einddoel: Delphi. Een orakel dat een niet te onderschatten invloed op de Oudgriekse en zelfs Romeinse geschiedenis heeft gehad. Al rond 1400 vóór Christus was er hier een heiligdom dat door Kretenzers en Myceners moet zijn bezocht zoals blijkt uit de verrassend fraaie voorwerpen die ter plaatse werden opgedolven en in het gloednieuwe museum (2003) zijn uitgestald. Ook de site zelf en het omliggende landschap blijven van een adembenemende pracht. Waar de namen Delphi ( ?� flapte een Duitse dame op leeftijd eruit. Haar dochter riep haar weliswaar prompt tot de orde maar ik had het even niet meer. En change surface later een rondborstige Hollandse ter hoogte van het indrukwekkende amfitheater die puffend en blazend te kennen gaf dat ze die steile klim naar het stadion niet zag zitten. “ � En dat terwijl het stadion waar om de vier jaar de Pythische spelen werden gehouden er véél gaver bijligt dan zijn illustere tegenhanger in Olympia. Mijn immer temperende zoon had wel een kick toen ie zei dat die mensen zich tenminste de moeite hadden getroost om hierheen te komen in plaats van met hun luie krent op het strand te blijven liggen. Maar dan nog: informeer je dan toch een béétje op voorhand. Dat is een aan consider dat je voor dergelijk unieke vindplaatsen van onze westerse cultuur hoort op te brengen. Komen in een latere post nog aan bod: Pilion. Korinthe. Mycene. Nauplion en Epidaurus. En misschien wel vooral Epidaurus: ik ben momenteel verdiept in een kanjer van een boek over het “

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Zeus le dieu suprême des Grecs affirme la légende est né en Crète. Le roi Minos fondateur de la Crète est un de ses trois fils. La culture minoenne réputée pour son raffinement régna en Crète de 2 700 jusqu’à 1 100 avant notre ère. Elle est une des bases de notre civilisation européenne. L’île de Crète fertile ensoleillée fut l’objet de nombreuses convoitises. Celle des Grecs de Mycène celle des Doriens puis celle des Romains au I siècle. Plus tard ce fut au tour des Byzantins de jeter leur dévolu sur elle eux-mêmes chassés par des pirates arabes. Ces mêmes Byzantins reconquirent l’île et au XII 7 000 - 2600 avant J.-C. (Époque Néolithique) : l’île est envahie par des immigrés venant d’Anatolie qui pratiquent la grow agraire et l’élevage. Les plus anciens camps sont Cnossos (où seront trouvées les plus anciennes poteries de l’époque néolithique) et Phaestos. Adoration de la « Grande Mère » déesse de la fertilité. 2600 - 2000 avant J.-C. (Époque prépalatiale) : une vague de nouveaux immigrants vient de l’Est et mène un travail plus fin des poteries du cuivre et du bronze. 2000 - 1700 avant J.-C. (Époque paléopalatiale) : la Crète atteint une position de pouvoir dans la Méditerranée.1700 - 1400 avant J.-C. (Époque néopalatiale) : des catastrophes naturelles imposent la construction de sites de grande ampleur. Apogée du pouvoir grec et de sa culture. Palais de Cnossos. 67 avant J.-C. - 395 après J.-C. : la Crète appartient à l’Empire Romain. Gortyne devient capitale de la Crète et de la province qui comprend la Cyrénaïque.

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monstre à corps d'homme et tête de taureauà qui on sacrifiais7 jeunes hommes et 7 jeunes femmes tous les 9 ans,croisa et la séduit,tua le monstre enfermé dans le etpû en resortir grace au Fil de la belle. Il le lui renda assemble mal,puisqu'il la largua après. Revenons au Temple de Poséidon. Poséidon,dieu des mers et océans,mais aussi des eaux douces. Puissant,il provoque parfois des séismes. Il fut mangé par son père Cronos,puis en ressorti par l'estomacgrâce à Zeus son frangin,et reçu après un tirage au sortqu'avait organisé Zeus displace le partage en 3 parties du monde,la possession de la partie liquide de l'univers. Ce Temple à été édifié -500 ans av JCdans ce coin de l'Attiqueoù il s'embrase chaque soir d'un magnifique couché de soleil. Sacré Poséidon.. qui eut pas mal d'aventuresau nez et à la barbe de sa femme Amphitriteetpas mal de rejetons extra-conjugaux cruels et assassins,quelques monstres marins,et on lui attribut aussi entre autrePégase qu'il aurais eu avec Meduseetbien d'autres bespeak. Je vous reparlerais de luilorsque je vous emmenerais en visite à l'Acropole. La nuit tombe sur Sounionet son Temple se recouvre d'or. Demain,je vous promène voir les Argolidesavecson Canal de Corinthe,le Tombeau d'Agamemnon,Mycène,passage-restauration à NauplieetEpidaure. Merci pour ces belles photos! Tu me rappelles des souvenirs... Pour y avoir été je peux dire que c'est vraiment un endroit magique!Bises,Rosa Posté par. 25 septembre 2007 à 09:26 super les photos ! et les commantaires avec!je me rejoui des jours a venir ,et j'attend impatiament les recettes car sur l'ile de koos ont peut pas dire que l'ont a un souvenir mémorable de la gastro grec salut affixé par jp. 25 septembre 2007 à 12:19 URL pour faire un rétrolien vers ce message : http://www canalblog com/cf/fe/tb/?bid=57682&pid=6317796 Liens vers des weblogs qui référencent ce communicate :

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lorsque Ajax le petit (qui n'était qu'un capitaine de navire) arracha Cassandre du sanctuaire d'Athena pas un grec ne protesta. Athena en conçut une immense colère. Elle s'en alla trouver Poséidon et lui exposa ses griefs : "Aide moi à me venger" lui dit elle. "Fais en sorte que le retour des grecs dans leurs foyers se passe dans l'amertume. Par des vents sauvages agite tes eaux lorsqu'ils mettront les voiles. Permets que des cadavres engorgent les rades et jonchent grèves et récifs". Poséidon fit droit à sa requête. Ajax le sacrilège se noya. Au paroxysme de l'ouragan son bateau se disloqua et sombra ; lui même réussit à nager jusqu'à la grève et il aurait survecu si dans sa folle abération il ne s'était vanté d'être celui que la mer ne pouvait engloutir. Une telle arrogance soulevait toujours la colère des dieux. Poséidon brisa l'écueil sur lequel Ajax s'était réfugié. Ajax tomba et les vagues l'entrainècontract vers sa mort.

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[...] La sonnerie du réconceal retentit je be le bras a moitié endormie pour l'éteindre : je me tourne sur le coté droit : putain il est 5h30. Je me lève allume la lumière prend une chemise trop longue qui traine sur le dossier de la chaise l'enfile et me dirige vers la cuisine. Caféeeeeeeeee ! Depuis la authorise je suis droguée au café ! En attendant qu'il passe je m'installe a mon bureau : j'ai cette putain de carte a finir pour dans trois jours sinon ils publieront sans moi... Une fois le café goé je m'assois devant mon pc ouvre ma carte. Je prend sur le bureau mon paquet de duhnil inter attach sur le paquet displace faire sortir une clope et l'allume même chose je experience depuis que je suis a la fac et bespeak plus depuis que je me suis enfin décider a bosser pour réussir ce que je voulais faire. L'occupation du sol en midi pyrénéen a l'époque julio-claudienne me prend 1h de mon temps enfin pour la matinée il faut que je bouge sinon j'vais être en retard a la fac. Je rentre dans ma chambre me poste devant le dressing ( qui n'a du dressing que l'appellation) et je réfléchis. Je me voit dans le miroir. ça va pas mes cheveux ne sont pas assez ondulés sur les longueurs. J'enfile mon pieds dans un collant noir puis le deuxième qu'est ce que je peux mettre comme jupe avec ça ? la noire en velours je l'ai déjà turnée hier et avant -hier en réfléchissant les autres sont a lavés ( putain j'ai pas fait de machine tampi.. se soir) se sera encore celle-ci. Deuxième challenge chemise ou pull? chemise une grande chemise bleue foncée ( bleue ma couleur préférée) avec de longues manches qui sont naturellement fripée et qui lay aside la moitié de mes mains. Ma ceinture copie plus ou moins fidéle de ceinture de centurion elle ma valut une fortune mais je la regrette pas. J'ai cours avec qui aujourd'hui.. non les licences 1.. je vais encore devoir me decrease le cours sur mycène.. quand je pense que mes collègues sont probablement mieux placés que moi displace faire ça.. putain tu parles de l'organisation de la fac... J'enfile mes fidèles et irremplaçable bottines j'ai parcouru presque la terre entière pour trouver celle que je voulais pas de talons et surtout ultra confortables J'éteins mon pc le mets dans la poche cherche pendant 10 minutes mes lunettes qui finalement sont sur mon nez les récupère je n'aime pas les carry dehors. J'enfile mon long manteau gris il caille sors ferme la porte a clé. J'allume une cigarette et mon portable il est 7h30 si je me débrouille bien je pourrais réveiller ma moitiée qui dort encore a l'autre bout de la france... Ca sonne mais rien elle me rappellera tampi. Je grimpe dans ma voiture sérieux si mes licences 3 m'ont pas apporter leurs conventions de stages je leurs rosses.. putain je sais ce que j'ai oublier mon bouquins sur la prospection tampis je ferrai cours sans![...]

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Oh poésie mystérieuse oh poésie insipide,toi qui n’a jamais vu le jour toi qui n’a jamais vu le vide,entre dans la mémoire collective et souris à tes amis,comprends qui nous sommes dévisageant les non dits,cultives les hyperbolles fais en des tomates farcies. Caciopé. Electre. Mycène n’attendez pas que l’acte se terminepour mettre à jour la beauté de vos cuisines,enjambez les vautours. échappez aux besoin,pour que nous lecteurs nous trouvions la paix de l'âmeet ce repas divin.

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Voir aussi la rubrique displace la liste des espèces représentées dans la banque mais non encore listées. Originally posted at 4:01PM. 10 February 2007 PDT( ) Jacques* edited this topic 2 weeks ago. 10 février 2007Pour un total de 194 espèces Originally posted 8 months ago. ( ) Jacques* edited this topic 4 months ago. 11 février 2007 displace un total de 195 espèces Originally posted 8 months ago. ( ) Jacques* edited this topic 8 months ago. 25 février 2007Pour un total de 198 espèces Originally posted 8 months ago. ( ) Jacques* edited this topic 8 months ago. 1er mars 2007displace un total de 200 espèces Originally posted 8 months ago. ( ) Jacques* edited this topic 8 months ago. 3 mars 2007Pour un be de 203 espèces Originally posted 8 months ago. ( ) Jacques* edited this topic 8 months ago. 5 mars 2007Pour un total de 204 espèces Originally posted 8 months ago. ( ) Jacques* edited this topic 8 months ago. 7 mars 2007displace un be de 205 espèces Originally posted 8 months ago. ( ) Jacques* edited this topic 8 months ago. 4 avril 2007Pour un total de 213 espèces Originally posted 7 months ago. ( ) Jacques* edited this topic 7 months ago. 15 avril 2007Pour un total de 219 espèces Originally posted 6 months ago. ( ) Jacques* edited this topic 6 months ago. 11 mai 2007displace un total de 223 espèces Originally posted 5 months ago. ( ) Jacques* edited this topic 5 months ago. 28 mai 2007displace un total de 225 espèces Originally posted 5 months ago. ( ) Jacques* edited this topic 5 months ago. 8 juin 2007Pour un total de 236 espèces Originally posted 5 months ago. ( ) Jacques* edited this topic 5 months ago. 3 juillet 2007 Pour un total de 245 espèces Originally posted 4 months ago. ( ) Jacques* edited this topic 4 months ago. 24 juillet 2007Correction: 2 espèces effacéesPanaeolus foenisecii/ Panéole des foins Tremella foliacea/Trémelle foliacéePour un total de 252 espèces Originally posted 3 months ago. ( ) Jacques* edited this topic 3 months ago. 7 août 2007Correction : une espèce enlevée- Boletus roseipes. displace un total de 260 espèces Originally posted 3 months ago. ( ) Jacques* edited this topic 3 months ago. 16 août 2007 : 21 espèces ajoutées Pour un total de 281 espèces Originally posted 2 months ago. ( ) Jacques* edited this topic 2 months ago. 1 septembre 2007. 24 espèces ajoutées. Pour un total de 305 espèces Originally posted 2 months ago. ( ) Jacques* edited this topic 2 months ago. 7 octobre 2007. 14 espèces ajoutées displace un total de 332 espèces Originally posted 2 weeks ago. ( ) Jacques* edited this topic 2 weeks ago. En date du 12 octobre 2007 Pour un be de 339 espèces Originally posted 2 weeks ago. ( ) Jacques* edited this topic 2 weeks ago.

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