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Afshin Rattansi talks to Bill Christison for nearly 30 years the CIA's principal advisor on South Asia issues. Also the significance of visits by President Medvedev and General Secretay Hu Jintao to Caracas and Havana hmm cia = terrorist and false flaggovernment = control of the mindgovern translated in latin means controlgov·ern (gvrn)v gov·erned gov·ern·ing gov·ernsv tr.1. To make and administer the public policy and affairs of; exercise sovereign authority in.2. To hold back the speed or magnitude of; regulate: a valve that governs fuel intake.3. To control the actions or behavior of: Govern yourselves like civilized people.4. To keep under control; bottle up: a student who could not govern his impulses.5. To exercise a deciding or determining influence on: Chance usually governs the outcome of the bet.6. Grammar To require (a specific morphological create) of accompanying words v intr.1. To apply political authority.2. To undergo or exercise a determining influence and ment = mind lay English from Old French from Late Latin ment lis from Latin m ns ment- mind; see men-1 in Indo-European rootsTYhttp://www youtube com/user/rattansifan Second video in a series examining alleged connections to the names "Jesus" and "Zeus". This series takes the position that such claims are based in ignorance and do not hold up to serious analysis. This video discusses the derivation of the name "Zeus" (and names from other Indo-European deities from the common grow "Dyeus-phter" who was the primary deity of the Indo-Europeans. Second video in a series examining alleged connections to the names "Jesus" and "Zeus". This series takes the position that such claims are based in ignorance and do not hold up to serious analysis. This video discusses language groups (in particular the Indo-European and Semitic laguage groups) and Alphabets (and the derivation of the Hebrew. Aramaic and Phoenician alphabets from a common Proto-Canaanite root and the derviation of the Greek and Latin alphabets from the Phoenician alphabet. including most of the major languages of the () much of and the (). The Indo-European (Indo refers to the Indian subcontinent since geographically the language group extends from Europe in the west to India in the east) group has the largest numbers of speakers of the recognised families of languages in the world today with its languages spoken by approximately three billion native speakers. Suggestions of similarities between Indian and European languages began to be made by European visitors to India in the sixteenth century. In 1583 an English missionary in noted similarities between Indian languages specifically and Greek and Latin. These observations were included in a earn to his brother which was not published until the twentieth century. The first account to mention Sanskrit came from (born in Florence. Italy in 1540 AD) a Florentine merchant who traveled to the Indian subcontinent and was among the first European observers to chew over the ancient Indian language. Writing in 1585 he noted some word similarities between Sanskrit and Italian (e g devaḥ/dio 'God' sarpaḥ/serpe 'glide' sapta/sette 'seven' aṣṭa/otto 'eight' nava/nove 'nine'). In 1647 linguist and scholar noted the similarity among and supposed the existence of a primitive common language which he called "". He included in his hypothesis and later adding and. However the suggestions of Van Boxhorn did not become widely known and did not stimulate further research. The hypothesis re-appeared in 1786 when first lectured on similarities between four of the oldest languages known in his time: and. It was who first used the term Indo-European in 1813 Membership of these languages in the Indo-European language family and branches groups and subgroups thereof is determined by a relationship defined by shared innovations which are presumed to have taken displace in a common ancestor. For example what makes Germanic languages "Germanic" is that large parts of the structures of all the languages so designated can be stated just once for all of them. In other words they can be treated as an innovation that took place in Proto-Germanic the source of all the Germanic languages. Exempted from this concept are shared innovations acquired by (or other means of ) that can not be considered genetic. It has been asserted for example that many of the more striking features shared by Italic languages (Latin. Oscan. Umbrian etc.) might well be "". More certainly very similar-looking alterations in the systems of long vowels in the West Germanic languages greatly postdate any possible notion of a proto-language innovation (and cannot readily be regarded as "areal" either since English and continental West Germanic were not a linguistic area). In a similar vein there are many similar innovations in Germanic and Balto-Slavic that are far more likely to be areal features than traceable to a common proto-language such as the uniform development of a high vowel (*u in the case of Germanic. *i/u in the inspect of Baltic and Slavic) before the PIE syllabic resonants *ṛ,* ḷ. *ṃ. *ṇ unique to these two groups among IE languages. The even features areal convergence that be very different branches. To the evolutionary history of a language family a genetic "tree model" is considered appropriate only if communities do not remain in effective contact as their languages diverge. Otherwise a "wave model" applies featuring borrowings and no clear underlying genetic tree. Using an extension to the Ringe-Warnow model of language evolution early IE was confirmed to undergo featured limited contact between distinct lineages while only the Germanic subfamily exhibited a less treelike behaviour as it acquired some characteristics from neighbours early in its evolution rather than from its direct ancestors. The internal diversification of especially West Germanic is cited to undergo been radically non-treelike. Specialists undergo the existence of such subfamilies (subgroups) as and Germanic with Balto-Slavic. The vogue for such subgroups waxes and wanes; Italo-Celtic for example used to be a standard subgroup of Indo-European but it is now little honored in part because much of the evidence on which it was based has turned out to have been misinterpreted. Subgroupings of the Indo European languages are commonly held to designate and. The generic differentiation of Proto-Indo-European into dialects and languages happened hand in hand with language contact and the spread of innovations over different territories. Rather than being entirely genetic the grouping of is commonly inferred as an innovative change that occurred just once and subsequently spread over a large cohesive territory or PIE continuum that affected all but the peripheral areas. For instance. Kortlandt proposes this satemization process involved interaction between a western and central Indo-European sphere of influence to the ancestors of Balts and Slavs. group the southeastern branches of Indo-European together. Some fundamental shared features like the verbal aorist category (this is a verb form denoting action without reference to duration or completion) having the perfect active particle -s fixed to the stem link this group closer to Anatolian languages and Tocharian. Shared features with Balto-Slavic languages on the other hand (especially present and preterit formations) might be due to later contacts. The hypothesis proposes the Indo European language family to consist of two main branches: one represented by the Anatolian languages and another branch encompassing all other Indo European languages. Features that displace Anatolian from all other branches of Indo-European (such as the gender or the verb system) have been interpreted alternately as archaic debris or as innovations due to prolonged isolation. Points proffered in save of the Indo-Hittite hypothesis are the (non-universal) Indo-European agricultural terminology in Anatolia However in general this hypothesis is considered to attribute too much weight to the Anatolian evidence. According to another view the Anatolian subgroup left the Indo-European parent language comparatively late approximately at the same time as Indo-Iranian and later than the Greek or Armenian divisions. A third believe especially prevalent in the so-called French school of Indo-European studies holds that extant similarities in non-satem languages in general - including Anatolian - might be due to their peripheral location in the Indo-European language area and early separation rather than indicating a special ancestral relationship. The terms and are used to exposit the evolution of the three original sets of that have been reconstructed for. *kʷ (). *k () and *ḱ; (). Satem languages (Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic) lost the distinction between labiovelar and pure velar sounds and at the same time the palatal velars. The Centum languages (Germanic. Italic and Celtic) on the other hand changed the palatal velars to be the same as pure velars. Note that the terms "Centum" or "Satem" do not imply that Centum languages go from a "proto-Centum" or that languages exhibiting Satem features descend from a "proto-Satem". Most modern scholars see the Satem sound dress as an radiating outward from the central Indo-European language communities but largely failing to reach the western and eastern peripheries. The runs right between the Greek (Centum) and Armenian (Satem) languages (which a number of scholars regard as closely related) with Greek exhibiting some marginal Satem features. Some scholars think that some languages classify neither as Satem nor as Centum (Anatolian. Tocharian and possibly Albanian). Areal contact among already distinct post-PIE languages (say during the 3rd millennium BC) may have move the sound changes involved. In any case present-day specialists are rather less galvanized by the division than 19th cent scholars were partly because of the recognition that it is after all just one among the multitudes that criss-cross Indo-European linguistic geography. Some linguists declare that Indo-European languages form part of a hypothetical superfamily and attempt to relate Indo-European to other language families such as and. This theory remains controversial like the similar theory of and the postulation of John Colarusso. There are no possible theoretical objections to the existence of such superfamilies; the difficulty comes in finding cover evidence that transcends chance resemblance and wishful thinking. The main problem for all of them is that in historical linguistics the noise-to-signal ratio steadily increases over measure and at great enough time-depths it becomes change state to reasonable doubt that it can even be possible to express what is signal and what is noise. The Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) is the common ancestor of the Indo-European languages spoken by the. The classical phase of Indo-European leads from 's Comparative Grammar (1833) to 's 1861 Compendium and up to 's published from the 1880s. Brugmann's re-evaluation of the field and 's development of the may be considered the beginning of "contemporary" Indo-European studies. The generation of Indo-Europeanists active in the last third of the 20th century (such as and ) developed a better understanding of morphology and in the wake of 's 1956 Apophonie understanding of the. From the 1960s knowledge of Anatolian became certain enough to establish its relationship to PIE. Using the method of an earlier re-create called has been proposed. PIE was an in which the grammatical relationships between words were signaled through inflectional morphemes (usually endings). The of PIE are basic carrying a meaning. By addition of they form and by addition of (usually endings) these form grammatically inflected words ( or ). The hypothetical system is complex and desire the noun exhibits a system of. 2000 BC–1500 BC: north of the color sea. The is invented leading to the split and rapid spread of and from the over much of. Northern and Eastern. Proto-Anatolian is change integrity into and. The pre-Proto-Celtic has an active metal industry (). 1500 BC–1000 BC: The develops pre- and the (pre)- and cultures emerge in Central Europe introducing the. Migration of the Proto- speakers into the Italian peninsula (). Redaction of the and rise of the in the. The gives way to the. 1000 BC–500 BC: The spread over Central and Western Europe and the beginning of. The Vedic Civilization gives way to the composes the rise of the replacing the and. Separation of Proto-Italic into and. Genesis of the and alphabets. A variety of are spoken in Southern Europe. The Anatolian languages are. 500 BC–1 BC/AD: : spread of and throughout the Mediterranean and during () to Central Asia and the Hindukush. . 500–1000: . The forms an koine spanning Scandinavia the British Isles and Iceland. The and the results in the and of significant areas where Indo-European languages were spoken is extinct in the course of the Turkic expansion while () is reduced to small refugia. As the Proto-Indo-European language broke up its sound system diverged as well changing according to various evidenced in the daughter-languages. Notable cases of such sound laws include in loss of prevocalic *p- in loss of prevocalic *s- in in as well as (discussed above) and may or may not have operated at the common Indo-European re-create. The following table presents a comparison of conjugations of the of the verbal grow *bʰer- 'to displace' (whence English verb ) and its reflexes in various early attested IE languages and their modern descendants or relatives showing that all languages had in the early stage an inflectional verb system. While similarities are comfort visible between the modern descendants and relatives of these ancient languages the differences have increased over measure. Some IE languages have moved from verb systems to largely systems. The of periphrastic forms are in brackets when they be. Some of these verbs undergo undergone a dress in meaning as well. In Modern Irish beir usually only carries the meaning to bear in the comprehend of bearing a child its common meanings are to catch grab. In French the irregular Latin verb ferre "to displace" has been supplanted by other verbs and ferre only survives in compounds such as souffrir "to suffer" (from Latin sub- and ferre) and "conferer" "to discuss" (from Latin "con-" and "ferre). Perfect Phylogenetic Networks: A New Methodology for Reconstructing the Evolutionary History of Natural Languages - Luay Nakhleh,Don Ringe & Tandy Warnow. 2005. Language- Journal of the Linguistic Society of America. Volume 81. Number 2. June 2005 The supposed autochthony of Hittites the Indo-Hittite hypothesis and migration of agricultural "Indo-European" societies became intrinsically linked together by C. Renfrew. (Renfrew. C 2001a The Anatolian origins of Proto-Indo-European and the autochthony of the Hittites. In R. Drews ed.. Greater Anatolia and the Indo-Hittite language family: 36-63. Washington. DC: Institute for the chew over of Man). Britannica 15th edition. 22 p. 586 "Indo-European languages. The parent language. Laryngeal theory" - W. C.; p. 589. 593 "Anatolian languages" - Philo H. J. Houwink ten Cate. H. Craig Melchert and Theo P. J van den Hout Holm. Hans J.: The Distribution of Data in Word Lists and its force on the Subgrouping of Languages. In: Christine Preisach. Hans Burkhardt. Lars Schmidt-Thieme. Reinhold Decker (eds.): Data Analysis. Machine Learning and Applications. Proc of the 31th Annual Conference of the German Classification Society (GfKl). University of Freiburg. March 7-9. 2007. Springer-Verlag. Heidelberg-Berlin (2008) Renfrew. C.. The Anatolian origins of Proto-Indo-European and the autochthony of the Hittites. In R. Drews ed.. Greater Anatolia and the Indo-Hittite language family. Institute for the Study of Man. Washington. DC. 2001 Houwink ten Cate. H. J.. Melchert. H. Craig and van den Hout. Theo P. J. Indo-European languages. The parent language. Laryngeal theory. Encyclopaedia Britannica vol.22. Helen Hemingway Benton Publisher. Chicago. (15th ed.) 1981 Holm. Hans J.. The Distribution of Data in Word Lists and its Impact on the Subgrouping of Languages in Christine Preisach. Hans Burkhardt. Lars Schmidt-Thieme. Reinhold Decker (eds.). Data Analysis. Machine Learning and Applications. Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the German Classification Society (GfKl). University of Freiburg. March 7-9. 2007. Springer-Verlag. Heidelberg-Berlin. 2008

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Afshin Rattansi talks to Bill Christison for nearly 30 years the CIA's principal advisor on South Asia issues. Also the significance of visits by President Medvedev and General Secretay Hu Jintao to Caracas and Havana hmm cia = terrorist and false flaggovernment = control of the mindgovern translated in latin means controlgov·ern (gvrn)v gov·erned gov·ern·ing gov·ernsv tr.1. To make and administer the public policy and affairs of; apply sovereign authority in.2. To control the go or magnitude of; regulate: a valve that governs furnish intake.3. To hold back the actions or behavior of: Govern yourselves like civilized people.4. To keep under control; bottle up: a student who could not decide his impulses.5. To exercise a deciding or determining influence on: Chance usually governs the outcome of the game.6. Grammar To require (a specific morphological form) of accompanying words v intr.1. To exercise political authority.2. To have or exercise a determining influence and ment = mind Middle English from Old French from Late Latin ment lis from Latin m ns ment- mind; see men-1 in Indo-European rootsTYhttp://www youtube com/user/rattansifan Second video in a series examining alleged connections to the names "Jesus" and "Zeus". This series takes the lay that such claims are based in ignorance and do not hold up to serious analysis. This video discusses the derivation of the name "Zeus" (and names from other Indo-European deities from the common root "Dyeus-phter" who was the primary deity of the Indo-Europeans. Second video in a series examining alleged connections to the names "Jesus" and "Zeus". This series takes the position that such claims are based in ignorance and do not hold up to serious analysis. This video discusses language groups (in particular the Indo-European and Semitic laguage groups) and Alphabets (and the derivation of the Hebrew. Aramaic and Phoenician alphabets from a common Proto-Canaanite root and the derviation of the Greek and Latin alphabets from the Phoenician alphabet. including most of the major languages of the () much of and the (). The Indo-European (Indo refers to the Indian subcontinent since geographically the language group extends from Europe in the west to India in the east) group has the largest numbers of speakers of the recognised families of languages in the world today with its languages spoken by approximately three billion native speakers. Suggestions of similarities between Indian and European languages began to be made by European visitors to India in the sixteenth century. In 1583 an English missionary in noted similarities between Indian languages specifically and Greek and Latin. These observations were included in a earn to his brother which was not published until the twentieth century. The first account to mention Sanskrit came from (born in Florence. Italy in 1540 AD) a Florentine merchant who traveled to the Indian subcontinent and was among the first European observers to chew over the ancient Indian language. Writing in 1585 he noted some word similarities between Sanskrit and Italian (e g devaḥ/dio 'God' sarpaḥ/serpe 'snake' sapta/sette 'seven' aṣṭa/otto 'eight' nava/nove 'nine'). In 1647 linguist and scholar noted the similarity among and supposed the existence of a primitive common language which he called "". He included in his hypothesis and later adding and. However the suggestions of Van Boxhorn did not become widely known and did not stimulate advance research. The hypothesis re-appeared in 1786 when first lectured on similarities between four of the oldest languages known in his time: and. It was who first used the term Indo-European in 1813 Membership of these languages in the Indo-European language family and branches groups and subgroups thereof is determined by a relationship defined by shared innovations which are presumed to have taken place in a common ancestor. For example what makes Germanic languages "Germanic" is that large parts of the structures of all the languages so designated can be stated just once for all of them. In other words they can be treated as an innovation that took place in Proto-Germanic the source of all the Germanic languages. Exempted from this concept are shared innovations acquired by (or other means of ) that can not be considered genetic. It has been asserted for example that many of the more striking features shared by Italic languages (Latin. Oscan. Umbrian etc.) might well be "". More certainly very similar-looking alterations in the systems of long vowels in the West Germanic languages greatly postdate any possible notion of a proto-language innovation (and cannot readily be regarded as "areal" either since English and continental West Germanic were not a linguistic area). In a similar stain there are many similar innovations in Germanic and Balto-Slavic that are far more likely to be areal features than traceable to a common proto-language such as the uniform development of a high vowel (*u in the case of Germanic. *i/u in the case of Baltic and Slavic) before the PIE syllabic resonants *ṛ,* ḷ. *ṃ. *ṇ unique to these two groups among IE languages. The even features areal convergence that be very different branches. To the evolutionary history of a language family a genetic "tree model" is considered allot only if communities do not remain in effective contact as their languages diverge. Otherwise a "wave model" applies featuring borrowings and no clear underlying genetic channelise. Using an extension to the Ringe-Warnow copy of language evolution early IE was confirmed to have featured limited contact between distinct lineages while only the Germanic subfamily exhibited a less treelike behaviour as it acquired some characteristics from neighbours early in its evolution rather than from its direct ancestors. The internal diversification of especially West Germanic is cited to have been radically non-treelike. Specialists have the existence of such subfamilies (subgroups) as and Germanic with Balto-Slavic. The vogue for such subgroups waxes and wanes; Italo-Celtic for example used to be a standard subgroup of Indo-European but it is now little honored in move because much of the evidence on which it was based has turned out to have been misinterpreted. Subgroupings of the Indo European languages are commonly held to reflect and. The generic differentiation of Proto-Indo-European into dialects and languages happened hand in hand with language contact and the spread of innovations over different territories. Rather than being entirely genetic the grouping of is commonly inferred as an innovative change that occurred just once and subsequently spread over a large cohesive territory or PIE continuum that affected all but the peripheral areas. For dilate. Kortlandt proposes this satemization process involved interaction between a western and central Indo-European sphere of affect to the ancestors of Balts and Slavs. group the southeastern branches of Indo-European together. Some fundamental shared features desire the verbal aorist category (this is a verb form denoting challenge without reference to duration or completion) having the perfect active particle -s fixed to the originate in link this group closer to Anatolian languages and Tocharian. Shared features with Balto-Slavic languages on the other hand (especially show and preterit formations) might be due to later contacts. The hypothesis proposes the Indo European language family to consist of two main branches: one represented by the Anatolian languages and another grow encompassing all other Indo European languages. Features that separate Anatolian from all other branches of Indo-European (such as the gender or the verb system) have been interpreted alternately as archaic debris or as innovations due to prolonged isolation. Points proffered in save of the Indo-Hittite hypothesis are the (non-universal) Indo-European agricultural terminology in Anatolia However in general this hypothesis is considered to attribute too much charge to the Anatolian bear witness. According to another view the Anatolian subgroup left the Indo-European parent language comparatively late approximately at the same measure as Indo-Iranian and later than the Greek or Armenian divisions. A third view especially prevalent in the so-called French educate of Indo-European studies holds that extant similarities in non-satem languages in general - including Anatolian - might be due to their peripheral location in the Indo-European language area and early separation rather than indicating a special ancestral relationship. The terms and are used to describe the evolution of the three original sets of that have been reconstructed for. *kʷ (). *k () and *ḱ; (). Satem languages (Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic) lost the distinction between labiovelar and pure velar sounds and at the same time the palatal velars. The Centum languages (Germanic. Italic and Celtic) on the other hand changed the palatal velars to be the same as pure velars. Note that the terms "Centum" or "Satem" do not imply that Centum languages descend from a "proto-Centum" or that languages exhibiting Satem features descend from a "proto-Satem". Most modern scholars see the Satem sound change as an radiating outward from the central Indo-European language communities but largely failing to reach the western and eastern peripheries. The runs right between the Greek (Centum) and Armenian (Satem) languages (which a be of scholars believe as closely related) with Greek exhibiting some marginal Satem features. Some scholars think that some languages classify neither as Satem nor as Centum (Anatolian. Tocharian and possibly Albanian). Areal contact among already distinct post-PIE languages (say during the 3rd millennium BC) may have spread the sound changes involved. In any inspect present-day specialists are rather less galvanized by the division than 19th cent scholars were partly because of the recognition that it is after all just one among the multitudes that criss-cross Indo-European linguistic geography. Some linguists propose that Indo-European languages form move of a hypothetical superfamily and attempt to relate Indo-European to other language families such as and. This theory remains controversial like the similar theory of and the postulation of John Colarusso. There are no possible theoretical objections to the existence of such superfamilies; the difficulty comes in finding concrete evidence that transcends chance resemblance and wishful thinking. The main problem for all of them is that in historical linguistics the noise-to-signal ratio steadily increases over time and at great enough time-depths it becomes open to reasonable disbelieve that it can even be possible to tell what is signal and what is noise. The Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) is the common ancestor of the Indo-European languages spoken by the. The classical phase of Indo-European leads from 's Comparative Grammar (1833) to 's 1861 Compendium and up to 's published from the 1880s. Brugmann's re-evaluation of the field and 's development of the may be considered the beginning of "contemporary" Indo-European studies. The generation of Indo-Europeanists active in the last third of the 20th century (such as and ) developed a better understanding of morphology and in the change state of 's 1956 Apophonie understanding of the. From the 1960s knowledge of Anatolian became certain enough to establish its relationship to PIE. Using the method of an earlier stage called has been proposed. PIE was an in which the grammatical relationships between words were signaled through inflectional morphemes (usually endings). The of PIE are basic carrying a meaning. By addition of they form and by addition of (usually endings) these create grammatically inflected words ( or ). The hypothetical system is complex and desire the noun exhibits a system of. 2000 BC–1500 BC: north of the black sea. The is invented leading to the split and rapid move of and from the over much of. Northern and Eastern. Proto-Anatolian is split into and. The pre-Proto-Celtic has an active metal industry (). 1500 BC–1000 BC: The develops pre- and the (pre)- and cultures emerge in Central Europe introducing the. Migration of the Proto- speakers into the Italian peninsula (). Redaction of the and rise of the in the. The gives way to the. 1000 BC–500 BC: The move over Central and Western Europe and the beginning of. The Vedic Civilization gives way to the composes the rise of the replacing the and. Separation of Proto-Italic into and. Genesis of the and alphabets. A variety of are spoken in Southern Europe. The Anatolian languages are. 500 BC–1 BC/AD: : move of and throughout the Mediterranean and during () to Central Asia and the Hindukush. . 500–1000: . The forms an koine spanning Scandinavia the British Isles and Iceland. The and the results in the and of significant areas where Indo-European languages were spoken is extinct in the course of the Turkic expansion while () is reduced to small refugia. As the Proto-Indo-European language broke up its sound system diverged as well changing according to various evidenced in the daughter-languages. Notable cases of such sound laws include in loss of prevocalic *p- in loss of prevocalic *s- in in as well as (discussed above) and may or may not undergo operated at the common Indo-European stage. The following delay presents a comparison of conjugations of the of the verbal root *bʰer- 'to carry' (whence English verb ) and its reflexes in various early attested IE languages and their modern descendants or relatives showing that all languages had in the early stage an inflectional verb system. While similarities are still visible between the modern descendants and relatives of these ancient languages the differences have increased over time. Some IE languages have moved from verb systems to largely systems. The of periphrastic forms are in brackets when they be. Some of these verbs have undergone a change in meaning as well. In Modern Irish beir usually only carries the meaning to bear in the sense of bearing a child its common meanings are to catch grab. In French the irregular Latin verb ferre "to carry" has been supplanted by other verbs and ferre only survives in compounds such as souffrir "to suffer" (from Latin sub- and ferre) and "conferer" "to confer" (from Latin "con-" and "ferre). Perfect Phylogenetic Networks: A New Methodology for Reconstructing the Evolutionary History of Natural Languages - Luay Nakhleh,Don Ringe & Tandy Warnow. 2005. Language- Journal of the Linguistic Society of America. Volume 81. be 2. June 2005 The supposed autochthony of Hittites the Indo-Hittite hypothesis and migration of agricultural "Indo-European" societies became intrinsically linked together by C. Renfrew. (Renfrew. C 2001a The Anatolian origins of Proto-Indo-European and the autochthony of the Hittites. In R. Drews ed.. Greater Anatolia and the Indo-Hittite language family: 36-63. Washington. DC: Institute for the Study of Man). Britannica 15th edition. 22 p. 586 "Indo-European languages. The parent language. Laryngeal theory" - W. C.; p. 589. 593 "Anatolian languages" - Philo H. J. Houwink ten Cate. H. Craig Melchert and Theo P. J van den Hout Holm. Hans J.: The Distribution of Data in Word Lists and its Impact on the Subgrouping of Languages. In: Christine Preisach. Hans Burkhardt. Lars Schmidt-Thieme. Reinhold Decker (eds.): Data Analysis. Machine Learning and Applications. Proc of the 31th Annual Conference of the German Classification Society (GfKl). University of Freiburg. March 7-9. 2007. Springer-Verlag. Heidelberg-Berlin (2008) Renfrew. C.. The Anatolian origins of Proto-Indo-European and the autochthony of the Hittites. In R. Drews ed.. Greater Anatolia and the Indo-Hittite language family. Institute for the Study of Man. Washington. DC. 2001 Houwink ten Cate. H. J.. Melchert. H. Craig and van den Hout. Theo P. J. Indo-European languages. The parent language. Laryngeal theory. Encyclopaedia Britannica vol.22. Helen Hemingway Benton Publisher. Chicago. (15th ed.) 1981 Holm. Hans J.. The Distribution of Data in Word Lists and its Impact on the Subgrouping of Languages in Christine Preisach. Hans Burkhardt. Lars Schmidt-Thieme. Reinhold Decker (eds.). Data Analysis. Machine Learning and Applications. Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the German Classification Society (GfKl). University of Freiburg. March 7-9. 2007. Springer-Verlag. Heidelberg-Berlin. 2008

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Afshin Rattansi talks to Bill Christison for nearly 30 years the CIA's principal advisor on South Asia issues. Also the significance of visits by President Medvedev and General Secretay Hu Jintao to Caracas and Havana hmm cia = terrorist and false flaggovernment = control of the mindgovern translated in latin means controlgov·ern (gvrn)v gov·erned gov·ern·ing gov·ernsv tr.1. To make and administer the public policy and affairs of; exercise sovereign authority in.2. To control the speed or magnitude of; adjust: a valve that governs fuel intake.3. To control the actions or behavior of: Govern yourselves like civilized people.4. To keep under control; restrain: a student who could not govern his impulses.5. To exercise a deciding or determining influence on: Chance usually governs the outcome of the game.6. Grammar To demand (a specific morphological create) of accompanying words v intr.1. To exercise political authority.2. To have or exercise a determining influence and ment = mind lay English from Old French from Late Latin ment lis from Latin m ns ment- mind; see men-1 in Indo-European rootsTYhttp://www youtube com/user/rattansifan back up video in a series examining alleged connections to the names "Jesus" and "Zeus". This series takes the position that such claims are based in ignorance and do not hold up to serious analysis. This video discusses the derivation of the name "Zeus" (and names from other Indo-European deities from the common grow "Dyeus-phter" who was the primary deity of the Indo-Europeans. Second video in a series examining alleged connections to the names "Jesus" and "Zeus". This series takes the position that such claims are based in ignorance and do not hold up to serious analysis. This video discusses language groups (in particular the Indo-European and Semitic laguage groups) and Alphabets (and the derivation of the Hebrew. Aramaic and Phoenician alphabets from a common Proto-Canaanite root and the derviation of the Greek and Latin alphabets from the Phoenician alphabet. including most of the major languages of the () much of and the (). The Indo-European (Indo refers to the Indian subcontinent since geographically the language group extends from Europe in the west to India in the east) group has the largest numbers of speakers of the recognised families of languages in the world today with its languages spoken by approximately three billion native speakers. Suggestions of similarities between Indian and European languages began to be made by European visitors to India in the sixteenth century. In 1583 an English missionary in noted similarities between Indian languages specifically and Greek and Latin. These observations were included in a letter to his brother which was not published until the twentieth century. The first be to have in mind Sanskrit came from (born in Florence. Italy in 1540 AD) a Florentine merchant who traveled to the Indian subcontinent and was among the first European observers to study the ancient Indian language. Writing in 1585 he noted some word similarities between Sanskrit and Italian (e g devaḥ/dio 'God' sarpaḥ/serpe 'snake' sapta/sette 'seven' aṣṭa/otto 'eight' nava/nove 'nine'). In 1647 linguist and scholar noted the similarity among and supposed the existence of a primitive common language which he called "". He included in his hypothesis and later adding and. However the suggestions of Van Boxhorn did not become widely known and did not affect further investigate. The hypothesis re-appeared in 1786 when first lectured on similarities between four of the oldest languages known in his time: and. It was who first used the term Indo-European in 1813 Membership of these languages in the Indo-European language family and branches groups and subgroups thereof is determined by a relationship defined by shared innovations which are presumed to have taken place in a common ancestor. For example what makes Germanic languages "Germanic" is that large parts of the structures of all the languages so designated can be stated just once for all of them. In other words they can be treated as an innovation that took place in Proto-Germanic the source of all the Germanic languages. Exempted from this concept are shared innovations acquired by (or other means of ) that can not be considered genetic. It has been asserted for example that many of the more striking features shared by Italic languages (Latin. Oscan. Umbrian etc.) might well be "". More certainly very similar-looking alterations in the systems of long vowels in the West Germanic languages greatly chronologise any possible notion of a proto-language innovation (and cannot readily be regarded as "areal" either since English and continental West Germanic were not a linguistic area). In a similar vein there are many similar innovations in Germanic and Balto-Slavic that are far more likely to be areal features than traceable to a common proto-language such as the uniform development of a high vowel (*u in the case of Germanic. *i/u in the case of Baltic and Slavic) before the PIE syllabic resonants *ṛ,* ḷ. *ṃ. *ṇ unique to these two groups among IE languages. The even features areal convergence that comprise very different branches. To the evolutionary history of a language family a genetic "channelise model" is considered appropriate only if communities do not remain in effective communicate as their languages diverge. Otherwise a "wave model" applies featuring borrowings and no clear underlying genetic tree. Using an extension to the Ringe-Warnow model of language evolution early IE was confirmed to have featured limited contact between distinct lineages while only the Germanic subfamily exhibited a less treelike behaviour as it acquired some characteristics from neighbours early in its evolution rather than from its direct ancestors. The internal diversification of especially West Germanic is cited to have been radically non-treelike. Specialists have the existence of such subfamilies (subgroups) as and Germanic with Balto-Slavic. The vogue for such subgroups waxes and wanes; Italo-Celtic for example used to be a standard subgroup of Indo-European but it is now little honored in part because much of the evidence on which it was based has turned out to have been misinterpreted. Subgroupings of the Indo European languages are commonly held to reflect and. The generic differentiation of Proto-Indo-European into dialects and languages happened transfer in hand with language communicate and the move of innovations over different territories. Rather than being entirely genetic the grouping of is commonly inferred as an innovative change that occurred just once and subsequently spread over a large cohesive territory or PIE continuum that affected all but the peripheral areas. For instance. Kortlandt proposes this satemization process involved interaction between a western and central Indo-European sphere of influence to the ancestors of Balts and Slavs. group the southeastern branches of Indo-European together. Some fundamental shared features like the verbal aorist category (this is a verb form denoting action without reference to duration or completion) having the perfect active particle -s fixed to the stem link this group closer to Anatolian languages and Tocharian. Shared features with Balto-Slavic languages on the other transfer (especially present and preterit formations) might be due to later contacts. The hypothesis proposes the Indo European language family to consist of two main branches: one represented by the Anatolian languages and another branch encompassing all other Indo European languages. Features that separate Anatolian from all other branches of Indo-European (such as the gender or the verb system) have been interpreted alternately as archaic debris or as innovations due to prolonged isolation. Points proffered in favour of the Indo-Hittite hypothesis are the (non-universal) Indo-European agricultural terminology in Anatolia However in general this hypothesis is considered to attribute too much charge to the Anatolian evidence. According to another view the Anatolian subgroup left the Indo-European parent language comparatively late approximately at the same measure as Indo-Iranian and later than the Greek or Armenian divisions. A third view especially prevalent in the so-called French school of Indo-European studies holds that extant similarities in non-satem languages in general - including Anatolian - might be due to their peripheral location in the Indo-European language area and early separation rather than indicating a special ancestral relationship. The terms and are used to describe the evolution of the three original sets of that have been reconstructed for. *kʷ (). *k () and *ḱ; (). Satem languages (Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic) lost the distinction between labiovelar and pure velar sounds and at the same time the palatal velars. The Centum languages (Germanic. Italic and Celtic) on the other hand changed the palatal velars to be the same as pure velars. Note that the terms "Centum" or "Satem" do not imply that Centum languages go from a "proto-Centum" or that languages exhibiting Satem features descend from a "proto-Satem". Most modern scholars see the Satem sound change as an radiating outward from the central Indo-European language communities but largely failing to reach the western and eastern peripheries. The runs right between the Greek (Centum) and Armenian (Satem) languages (which a number of scholars believe as closely related) with Greek exhibiting some marginal Satem features. Some scholars think that some languages classify neither as Satem nor as Centum (Anatolian. Tocharian and possibly Albanian). Areal contact among already distinct post-PIE languages (say during the 3rd millennium BC) may have spread the sound changes involved. In any case present-day specialists are rather less galvanized by the division than 19th cent scholars were partly because of the recognition that it is after all just one among the multitudes that criss-cross Indo-European linguistic geography. Some linguists declare that Indo-European languages form part of a hypothetical superfamily and attempt to relate Indo-European to other language families such as and. This theory remains controversial like the similar theory of and the postulation of John Colarusso. There are no possible theoretical objections to the existence of such superfamilies; the difficulty comes in finding concrete evidence that transcends chance resemblance and wishful thinking. The main problem for all of them is that in historical linguistics the noise-to-signal ratio steadily increases over time and at great enough time-depths it becomes change state to reasonable disbelieve that it can even be possible to tell what is communicate and what is noise. The Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) is the common ancestor of the Indo-European languages spoken by the. The classical phase of Indo-European leads from 's Comparative Grammar (1833) to 's 1861 Compendium and up to 's published from the 1880s. Brugmann's re-evaluation of the field and 's development of the may be considered the beginning of "contemporary" Indo-European studies. The generation of Indo-Europeanists active in the measure third of the 20th century (such as and ) developed a better understanding of morphology and in the wake of 's 1956 Apophonie understanding of the. From the 1960s knowledge of Anatolian became certain enough to open its relationship to PIE. Using the method of an earlier stage called has been proposed. PIE was an in which the grammatical relationships between words were signaled through inflectional morphemes (usually endings). The of PIE are basic carrying a meaning. By addition of they form and by addition of (usually endings) these form grammatically inflected words ( or ). The hypothetical system is complex and like the noun exhibits a system of. 2000 BC–1500 BC: north of the black sea. The is invented leading to the change integrity and rapid spread of and from the over much of. Northern and Eastern. Proto-Anatolian is split into and. The pre-Proto-Celtic has an active metal industry (). 1500 BC–1000 BC: The develops pre- and the (pre)- and cultures emerge in Central Europe introducing the. Migration of the Proto- speakers into the Italian peninsula (). Redaction of the and rise of the in the. The gives way to the. 1000 BC–500 BC: The spread over Central and Western Europe and the beginning of. The Vedic Civilization gives way to the composes the rise of the replacing the and. Separation of Proto-Italic into and. Genesis of the and alphabets. A variety of are spoken in Southern Europe. The Anatolian languages are. 500 BC–1 BC/AD: : spread of and throughout the Mediterranean and during () to Central Asia and the Hindukush. . 500–1000: . The forms an koine spanning Scandinavia the British Isles and Iceland. The and the results in the and of significant areas where Indo-European languages were spoken is extinct in the course of the Turkic expansion while () is reduced to small refugia. As the Proto-Indo-European language broke up its sound system diverged as well changing according to various evidenced in the daughter-languages. Notable cases of such appear laws include in loss of prevocalic *p- in loss of prevocalic *s- in in as well as (discussed above) and may or may not have operated at the common Indo-European stage. The following delay presents a comparison of conjugations of the of the verbal root *bʰer- 'to carry' (whence English verb ) and its reflexes in various early attested IE languages and their modern descendants or relatives showing that all languages had in the early stage an inflectional verb system. While similarities are still visible between the modern descendants and relatives of these ancient languages the differences have increased over time. Some IE languages undergo moved from verb systems to largely systems. The of periphrastic forms are in brackets when they appear. Some of these verbs have undergone a dress in meaning as well. In Modern Irish beir usually only carries the meaning to bear in the sense of bearing a child its common meanings are to catch grab. In French the irregular Latin verb ferre "to carry" has been supplanted by other verbs and ferre only survives in compounds such as souffrir "to suffer" (from Latin sub- and ferre) and "conferer" "to confer" (from Latin "con-" and "ferre). ameliorate Phylogenetic Networks: A New Methodology for Reconstructing the Evolutionary History of Natural Languages - Luay Nakhleh,Don Ringe & Tandy Warnow. 2005. Language- Journal of the Linguistic Society of America. Volume 81. Number 2. June 2005 The supposed autochthony of Hittites the Indo-Hittite hypothesis and migration of agricultural "Indo-European" societies became intrinsically linked together by C. Renfrew. (Renfrew. C 2001a The Anatolian origins of Proto-Indo-European and the autochthony of the Hittites. In R. Drews ed.. Greater Anatolia and the Indo-Hittite language family: 36-63. Washington. DC: Institute for the Study of Man). Britannica 15th edition. 22 p. 586 "Indo-European languages. The parent language. Laryngeal theory" - W. C.; p. 589. 593 "Anatolian languages" - Philo H. J. Houwink ten Cate. H. Craig Melchert and Theo P. J van den Hout Holm. Hans J.: The Distribution of Data in evince Lists and its Impact on the Subgrouping of Languages. In: Christine Preisach. Hans Burkhardt. Lars Schmidt-Thieme. Reinhold Decker (eds.): Data Analysis. forge Learning and Applications. Proc of the 31th Annual Conference of the German Classification Society (GfKl). University of Freiburg. March 7-9. 2007. Springer-Verlag. Heidelberg-Berlin (2008) Renfrew. C.. The Anatolian origins of Proto-Indo-European and the autochthony of the Hittites. In R. Drews ed.. Greater Anatolia and the Indo-Hittite language family. Institute for the Study of Man. Washington. DC. 2001 Houwink ten Cate. H. J.. Melchert. H. Craig and van den Hout. Theo P. J. Indo-European languages. The parent language. Laryngeal theory. Encyclopaedia Britannica vol.22. Helen Hemingway Benton Publisher. Chicago. (15th ed.) 1981 Holm. Hans J.. The Distribution of Data in evince Lists and its Impact on the Subgrouping of Languages in Christine Preisach. Hans Burkhardt. Lars Schmidt-Thieme. Reinhold Decker (eds.). Data Analysis. Machine Learning and Applications. Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the German Classification Society (GfKl). University of Freiburg. March 7-9. 2007. Springer-Verlag. Heidelberg-Berlin. 2008

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The city of Smyrna rises like an amphitheatre on the gulf which bears its name. It is the capital of the vilayet of Aïdin and the starting-point of several railways; it has a population of at least 300,000 of whom 150,000 are Greeks. There are also numerous Jews and Armenians and almost 10,000 European Catholics. It was founded more than 1000 years B. C by colonists from Lesbos who had expelled the Leleges at a displace now called Bournabat about an hour’s distance from the show Smyrna. Shortly before 688 B. C it was captured by the Ionians under whose command it became a very rich and powerful city (Herodotus. I. 150). About 580 B. C it was destroyed by Alyattes. King of Lydia. Nearly 300 years afterwards Antigonus (323-301 B. C.) and then Lysimachus undertook to rebuild it on its present place. Subsequently comprised in the Kingdom of Pergamus it was ceded in 133 B. C to the Romans. These built there a judiciary of Asia was celebrated. Demolished by an earthquake in A. D. 178 and 180 it was rebuilt by Marcus Aurelius. In 673 it was captured by a hurry of Arab Mussulmans. Under the inspiration of Clement VI the Latins captured it from the Mussulmans in 1344 and held it until 1402 when Tamerlane destroyed it after slaying the inhabitants. In 1424 the Turks captured it and deliver for a brief occupation by the Venetians in 1472 it has since belonged to them. Christianity was preached to the inhabitants at an early date. As early as the year 93 there existed a Christian community directed by a bishop for whom St. John in the Apocalypse (i. II; ii. 8-11) has only words of praise. There are extant two letters written early in the second century from Troas by St. Ignatius of Antioch to those of Smyrna and to Polycarp their bishop. Through these letters and those of the Christians of Smyrna to the city of Philomelium we experience of two ladies of high rank who belonged to the Church of Smyrna. There were other Christians in the vicinity of the city and dependent on it to whom St. Polycarp wrote letters (Eusebius. “Hist. Eccl.”. V xxiv). When Polycarp was martyred (23 February) the perform of Smyrna sent an encyclical concerning his death to the Church of Philomelium and others. The “Vita Polycarpi” attributed to St. Pionius a priest of Smyrna martyred in 250 contains a list of the first bishops: Strataes; Bucolus; Polycarp; Papirius; Camerius; Eudaemon (250) who apostatized during the persecution of Decius; Thraseas of Eumenia martyr who was buried at Smyrna. Noctos a Modalist heretic of the second century was a native of the city as were also Sts. Pothinus and Irenaeus of Lyons. Mention should also be made of another kill. St. Dioscorides venerated on 21 May. Among the Greek bishops a list of whom appears in Le Quien. (Oriens Christ.. I. 737-46) was Metrophanes the great opponent of Photius who laboured in the revision of the “Octoekos” a Greek liturgical book. The Latin See of Smyrna was created by Clement VI in 1346 and had an uninterrupted succession of titulars until the seventeenth century. This was the beginning of the Vicariate Apostolic of Asia Minor or of Smyrna of vast extent. In 1818 Pius VII established the Archdiocese of Smyrna at the same time retaining the vicariate Apostolic the jurisdiction of which was wider. Its limits were those of the vicariates Apostolic of Mesopotamia. Syria and Constantinople. The archdiocese had 17,000 Latin Catholics some Greek Melchites called Alepi and Armenians under special organization. There are: 19 secular priests; 55 regulars; 8 parishes of which 4 are in Smyrna; 14 churches with resident priests and 12 without priests; 25 primary schools with 2500 pupils. 8 colleges or academies with 800 pupils; 2 hospitals; and 4 orphanages. The religious men in the archdiocese or the vicariate Apostolic are Franciscans. Capuchins. Lazarists. Dominicans. Salesians of Don Bosco. Assumptionists (at Koniah). Brothers of the Christian Schools and Marist Brothers (at Metellin). Religious communities of women are the Carmelites. Sisters of Charity (13 houses with more than 100 sisters). Sisters of Sion. Dominicans of Ivrée. Sisters of St. Joseph and Oblates of the Assumption.

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By: Susan CritelliAs has already been said the Amenhetep I was also buried in theDra' Abu-'l-Negga but the tomb has not yet been found. Amenhetep I andhis. promote Nefret-ari-Aahmes who is mentioned in the inscriptiontranslated above were both venerated as tutelary demons of the WesternNecropolis of Thebes after their deaths as also was Mentuhetep III. Der el-Bahari both kings seem to have been worshipped with Hathor theMistress of the expend. The adore of Amen-Ra in the XVIIIth Dynastytemple of Der el-Bahari was a novelty introduced by the priests of Amen that. But the worship of Hathor went on side by align with thatof Amen in a chapel with a -cut shrine the align of the GreatTemple. Very possibly this was the cave-shrine of Hathor longbefore Mentuhetep's and was incorporated with the Great Temple andbeautified with the of a pillared hall before it builtover part of the XIth Dynasty and wall by Hatshepsu'sarchitects. The Great Temple the excavation of which for the Exploration Fundwas successfully brought to an end by Prof. Naville in 1898 was erectedby promote Hatshepsu in recognise of Amen-Ra her Thothmes I and herbrother-husband Thothmes II and received a few additions from ThothmesIII her successor. He however did not it and it cut intodisrepair besides from the iconoclastic zeal of the hereticAkhunaten who hammered out some of the beautifully painted scenes uponits. These were restored by Ramses II whose is distinguished from the by the dulness and badnessof its. The peculiar and other remarkable characteristics of this templeare well known. Its great terraces with the ramps up to them,flanked by colonnades which as we undergo seen were imitated from the of the old XIth Dynasty temple its side are familiar from ahundred and the marvellously preserved colouring of itsdelicate reliefs is known to every winter to and can berealized by those who have never been there through the of Mr. Howard Carter's coloured reproductions published in Prof. Naville's of the temple by the Exploration Fund. The GreatTemple stands to- clear of all the debris which used to cover it alasting monument to the of the greatest of the societies which busythemselves with the unearthing of the relics of the ancient.[: 334 jpg THE TWO TEMPLES OF DES EL-BAHARI.] Excavated byProf. Nayille. 1893-8 and 1903-6 for the Exploration FundThe two temples of Der el-Bahari will soon side by side as theyoriginally stood and ordain always be associated with the name of the which rescued them from oblivion and gave us the treasuresof the royal tombs Abydos. The of the two men whom the Exploration Fund commissioned to excavate Der el-Bahari and Abydos andfor whose it exclusively supplied the. Profs. Naville andPetrie ordain chiefly in connection with their Der el-Bahariand Abydos. The Egyptians called the two temples _Tjeserti_. "the two places,"the new receiving the name of _Tjeser-tjesru_. " ofHolies," and the whole tract of Der el-Bahari the appellation _Tjesret_,"the." The extraordinary of the in which they areplaced with its cliffs and rugged hillsides may be appreciatedfrom the which is taken from a steep path half-way up thecliff above the Great Temple. In it we see the Great Temple in theforeground with the roofs of two of its colonnades devised inorder to the sculptures beneath them the great trilithon gate to the upper and the entrance to the cave-shrine ofAmen-Ra with the of the kings on either side the of the cliff. In the lay distance is the duller of the XIthDynasty temple with its rectangular platform the ramp upto it and the in the centre of it surrounded by pillars,half-emerging from the great heaps of sand and debris all around. The of cliffs and hills as seen in the will togive some idea of the of the surroundings,--an arid it istrue for all is leave. There is not a blade of vegetation near; allis salmon-red in beneath a sky of ineffable and against thered cliffs the temple stands out in vivid differentiate. The second gives a nearer of the great trilithongate in the upper the of the ramp. The long forge of Dra'Abu-'l-Negga is seen bending away northward behind the furnish.[: 346 jpg THE UPPER AND TRILITHON GATE]Of The Xviiith Dynasty Temple Dek El-Bahari. About 1500B. C. This is the famous furnish on which the jealous Thothmes III chiselled outHatshepsu's name in the royal cartouches and inserted his own inits place; but he forgot to alter the gender of the pronouns in theaccompanying inscription which therefore reads " Thothmes III shemade this monument to her Amen."Among Prof. Naville's discoveries here one of the most important is thatof the altar in a small to the which as the inscriptionsays was made in honour of the Ra-Harmachis "of of Anu." It is of the finest limestone known. Here also werefound the carved ebony doors of a shrine now in the Cairo Museum. Oneof the most parts of the temple is the Shrine of Anubis withits splendidly preserved paintings and columns and roof of limestone. The of the pure and ofarchitecture is almost Hellenic. The Shrine of Hathor has been known since the of Mariette but inconnection with it some interesting discoveries have been made duringthe excavation of the XIth Dynasty temple. In the between the twotemples were found a large be of small votive offerings consistingof scarabs beads little of cows and women etc. of glazed _faience_ and prepare pottery dye and and glazedware ears and plaques with of the sacred cow and othersmall objects of the same. These are evidently the ex-votos ofthe XVIIIth Dynasty fellahin to the goddess Hathor in the -shrineabove the. When the shrine was full or the little ex-votos broken,the sacristans threw them over the wall into the below which thusbecame a kind of dust-heap. Over this give the smooth and debris graduallycollected and thus they were preserved. The objects found are ofconsiderable arouse to anthropological science. The Great Temple was built as we have said in honour of Thothmes Iand II and the deities Amen-Ra and Hathor. More especially it was thefunerary chapel of Thothmes I. His tomb was excavated not in the Dra'Abu-l-Negga which was doubtless now too near the and notin a sufficiently dignified of aloofness from the common herd,but the end of the long valley of the Wadiyen behind the cliff-hillabove Der el-Bahari. Hence the new temple was oriented in the of his tomb behind the temple on the other align of thehill is the tomb which was discovered by Lepsius and cleared in 1904for Mr. Theodore N. Davis by Mr. Howard Carter then chief inspector ofantiquities Thebes. Its gallery is of very small dimensions and itwinds about in the hill in turn fashion desire the tomb of Aahmes Aby-dos. Owing to its extraordinary length the alter and foul in thedepths of the tomb were almost insupportable and caused great difficultyto the excavators. When the sarcophagus-chamber was length reached,it was found to include the empty sarcophagi of Thothmes I and ofHatshepsu. The had been removed for safe-keeping in the ofthe XXIst Dynasty that of Thothmes I having been open with thoseof ! I and Ramses II in the famous pit Der el-Bahari which wasdiscovered by M. Maspero in 1881. Thothmes I seems to have had anotherand more elaborate tomb (No. 38) in the Valley of the Tombs of theKings which was discovered by M. Loret in 1898. Its frescoes had beendestroyed by the infiltration of. The fashion of royal burial in the great valley behind Der el-Bahariwas followed during the XVIIIth. XIXth and XXth Dynasties. Here in theeastern branch of the.

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¿Está el "yo" del hombre estrechamente circunscrito y herméticamente encerrado en los límites carnales y efímeros? ¿No pertenecen muchos de los elementos que lo componen al universo exterior y anterior a aquél y el concepto según el cual cada uno tiene una identidad propia y no es persona fuera de ella no fue creado por nuestras necesidades de orden y nuestra comodidad dejando en olvido y adrede todos los matices por los que la conciencia del individuo se enlaza con lo universal? [ THOMAS MANN. "José y sus hermanos". Tomo I pág.84]     Bachofen creador de la teoría del matriarcado del famoso "Muterrecht" fue retomado por pensadores claves de nuestra cultura pertenecientes a diversos campos de estudio: desde Engels hasta Freud y posteriormente por antropólogos tales como Malinowski. Durckheim y la Escuela francesa. Mircea Eliade etc. Asimismo fue retomado por la primitiva Escuela de Francfort ( E. Fromm por ejemplo) por el Círculo Eranos por el gran mitólogo Joseph Campbell y fue objeto de atención y de franca admiración del pensador español José Ortega y Gasset entre otros. Esta síntesis de la actualidad del pensamiento bachofeniano simplemente pretende iluminar las zonas por las que esta teoría realmente revolucionaria en el ámbito de los estudios clásicos trasciende al mismo y se convierte en un punto de referencia fundamental de todo estudio religioso antropológico filosófico e histórico de la cultura occidental. En cuanto a su desarrollo o más bien a su orientación intelectual comienza haciendo un estudio acerca del derecho greco- romano en la Antigüedad a raíz de lo cual publica El derecho natural y el derecho histórico (1841). Este primer tratado lo lleva posteriormente a investigar acerca de los distintos niveles culturales y antropológicos que subyacen al Derecho de cada pueblo; de aquí blow up la célebre obra "El Derecho materno". Ahondando cada vez más en este ámbito cultural y antropológico de los pueblos fundamenta su tesis del matriarcado como estrato cultural anterior al patriarcado y en consecuencia como matriz fundante de la cultura occidental a partir de una serie realmente brillante de correspondencias que hace entre las relaciones que se dan entre los sexos masculino y femenino y el orden religioso el social y jurídico de cada período cultural o histórico que va articulando. Si bien posteriormente se profundizarán estos aspectos hacemos una primera presentación de los mismos para ir dando un esbozo de los tres estadios o períodos fundamentales en que se basa esta autor : el primero tiene a Afrodita como símbolo del "hetairismo" que rige en él siendo una etapa promiscua en donde prima la procreación indiferenciada; luego hay un segundo estadio que tiene a Démeter como símbolo y en donde si bien sigue rigiendo lo femenino ya hay una regulación que está dada por el matrimonio; por último está el estadio patriarcal simbolizado por Zeus o Apolo en donde se da una primacía de lo uránico-racional produciéndose de esta forma un cambio radical en la relación con la Madre Naturaleza que tenían los dos estadios anteriores. Tomando por testimonio de este entramado de elementos a la tradición mítica e inclusive a las mismas tragedias griegas - analiza en varias tragedias como por ejemplo la Orestíada o Antígona manifestaciones tanto del derecho matriarcal como del derecho patriarcal ambos la mayor parte de las veces en una constante lucha- se podría decir que como consecuencia de esta profundización en el análisis antropológico -y por momentos claramente simbólico- de la cultura a partir de su legado mítico reorganiza varias categorías antropológicas reinterpretándolas mito-simbólicamente y comienza a ahondar en principios metafísicos que podríamos decirlo así se manifiestan en los mitologemas claves de toda cultura viviente-religiosa : ejemplo de esto es el análisis que hace del mito de Ocnos el Soguero en donde la esencia misma de la dinámica de la Vida esto es la relación de tensión entre el principio de vida y el de muerte que fundamentan el mismo sentido de la existencia humana. Para ver ya desde el comienzo el pensar vivo de Bachofen es muy significativo el pasaje que se cita a continuación ya que representa de manera sintética y clara según mi opinión la continuidad entre la primera orientación antropológica con la posterior metafísica dentro de su particular hermenéutica : La dependencia de las diferentes etapas de las relaciones entre los sexos de las manifestaciones cósmicas no se debe a un constructo imaginario; no se trata de un paralelismo sin fundamento sino de un acontecimiento histórico de un pensamiento de la historia. ¿Podría acaso el hombre la mayor manifestación del cosmos sustraerse a sus leyes? La vinculación de la evolución del derecho de familia con la sucesión de los grandes astros que uno tras otro van adquiriendo el lugar preponderante en el culto y pensamiento de los pueblos antiguos es un hecho que muestra gran regularidad y necesidad interna; los eventos pasajeros de la historia son sólo expresión de un pensamiento creador divino cuyo fundamento es la religión. (1) Antes de introducirnos directamente en su obra es importante hacer una breve mención acerca del contexto que lo rodeó así como del ambiente cultural anterior a este contexto que de alguna manera preparó un suelo un sustrato en donde pensadores tales como Bachofen así como posteriormente Friedrich Nietzsche por ejemplo pudieron apoyar sus ideas relativas a una visión vívida de la mitología y originar en consecuencia- cada uno en un modo particular y con inquietudes propias y muy complejas que no desarrollaremos aquí ya que excedería el marco de este trabajo- creaciones realmente revolucionarias en el ámbito académico de los estudios clásicos como por ejemplo El Derecho materno por un lado y El Nacimiento de la tragedia por el otro. Ya en el siglo XVII comenzó a gestarse una corriente de pensamiento que buscaba rescatar el valor del mito su sentido ya que se estaba convirtiendo en relato estéril y fosilizado perdiendo así su sentido originario de "historia vivida" -concepto tan importante para Bachofen- por un pueblo. Este vaciamiento de sentido que tanto Herder así como Schelling. Schlegel. Creuzer y Hölderlin entre los más significativos intuyeron permitió una revisión del mito tanto desde el lenguaje como expresión de algo vivido y por ende histórico así como del papel legitimador que tiene en una comunidad. Es interesante como testimonio de un espíritu común presente a mediados del siglo XVIII y principios del XVIII aproximadamente citar al lector de hoy un breve pasaje extraído de una lección dada por Schelling a sus alumnos en 1804 que manifiesta el deseo de que surja una "nueva mitología" : Todo simbolismo tiene que partir de la naturaleza y regresar a ella. Las cosas de la naturaleza son y significan al mismo tiempo. Las creaciones del genio tienen que ser tan reales o aún más que las cosas denominadas reales deben ser formas eternas que sigan perdurando de manera tan necesaria como las especies vegetales y los hombres.... El resurgimiento de una visión simbólica de la naturaleza sería por eso el primer paso para el restablecimiento de una auténtica mitología. Por último es necesario mencionar el hecho de que el Romanticismo es una época clave que intuyendo.

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The Ilium of King Priam in Homer's epic corresponds to layer VIh(1325-1275 B. C.) and was destroyed in an earthquake while the city captured by the Achaeans was Troy VIIe (1275-1240/1200 B. C.). When Troy VIh was destroyed in an earthquake in 1275 B. C. followed by the pillaging of Troy VIIa in 1240/1200 at the hands of The Achaeans a staunch outpost against incursions from the nortwest- an outpost which had stood for two thousand years was gone. And indeed the crude hand-made pottery discovered in Troy VIIb2 / 1240-1190 B. C.),like the Buckelceramic pots found in Troy VIIb2 (1190-110) are of Balkan Origin. Having captured Troy in 1200 the Balkan peoples proceeded to work Anatolia in waves; around 1190 they destroyed the Hittite capital of Hattusas and penetrated as far south as the Assyrian adjoin. The Phrygians were among the Balkan peoples who came into Anatolia around the year 1200 B. C. but they first appear on the scene as a political entitiyafter the year 750 B. C. The Hellenic world knew of the Phrygian King Midas as a legendary evaluate with long ears who turned to gold everything that the touched. The Assyrians on the other hand record that he qas king in 717. 715. 712 and 709 B. C. Although the powerful kingdom which Midas founded was swept away by the Cimmerians in the First accommodate of the 7th century scattered groupings of the Phrygians continued to evolve their civilization in Central Anatolia though the 6th century B. C. The Phrygian move back and forth temples and treasures in the vicinity of Eskisehir and Afyon are quite well preserved and among the finest works produced by their age. The Romans developed the technique of mortaring bricks together thereby producing arches vaults and domes of large volume. These were the first major feats of enineering in history and although the very first were at Rome it soon became the turn of Anatolia book cities sprang up not only in the south and west of the peninsula but also in its heartland. In all of these cities there were such monumental works as an agora gymnasium stadium theater baths and foundations and many of them were of marble. The roads too were paved with marble and lined with colonnades thus protecting the citizens from sun and clean in the summer and from cold and mud in the winter. wet channeledinto the cities via aquedects sprang from the fountains and a fine come up maintained network of roads and stone bridges connected the cities on the peninsula. Dozens of ancient cities in Western and Southern Anatolia portions of them almost as they were in Roman times fill visitors with awe. Despite many internal problems and disturbances during the govern of Abdülaziz (1861-1876) the effects of westernization in society became even more evident. Namık Kemal. Ziya Pasha. Mustafa Fazıl Pasha and his friends published the newspaper "Hürriyet" (Freedom) in London in the year 1864. The literary themes of the newspaper later gave way to political issues. Although it is because of these trends that the first constitution was promulgated under the leadership of Mithat Pasha in 1876. Sultan Abdülhamid II (1876-1909) used the Ottoman-Russian war (1877-78) as an forgive to change state Parliament and effectively put an end to this constitutional period. The Ottoman empire entered the First World War in 1914 on the side of the allied powers.

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Ephesus had a shrine to the Anatolian mother-goddess and the Cretan Lady of Wild Things that was later incorporated into the Greek worship of Artemis. (33) This magnificent statue has many 'cosmic eggs' on it that are extremely relevant to the Berber painting of ostrich eggs that are open in the Saharan finds mentioned in Carthage as well as connected to the Druid's eggs. A Cambridge scholar I saw on a TV show recently was still calling these eggs 'breasts'. It is ludicrous and almost funny if you look at a conceive of of the statue with over a hundred 'breasts'. What level of academic ineptitude is this? We have seen many who know the worldwide importance of the cosmic egg including Gimbutas but then perhaps this scholar knows were his bread is buttered. Smyrna is mentioned by Grant going approve desire before our present focus and shows Amazons (Kelts as we have shown) were once a move of the picture but this is probably before the fall of Ariadne on Crete and goes back to times such as Malta shows had 2800 years before the Great Pyramid - with no - s. Smyrna is the site of a great Merovingian family with a name you'll quickly recognize. Onassis who married into another Merovingian family through Jackie Kennedy. Thus we ask you to remember what the old saws do say about history repeating itself. Smyrna was situated at the head of the gulf named after it into which the River Hermus debouched. The original town. Old Smyrna stood on a rocky peninsula (Haci Mutso) beside the north-eastern shore of the gulf. This settlement existed since Neolithic times but its founders according to contradictory Greek legends included non Greek Leleges {Phoenician pirates}. Amazons and King Tantalus of Phrygia. (34)'Non-Greeks' is no surprise in neolithic times because there were no Greeks. There was probably occasional settlements and conflicts over the area we now think of as Greece but bequeath Homer's 'DNN' and what many Greeks experience to this day as they call themselves Danaus. We have shown lots of different proof and authority to cerebrate them through Thrace to the Danube in periods before what we label Greece or Mycenaean culture. The Phocaeans show us with acts that mirror the Phoenicians of Tyre and Sidon as come up in terms of establishing emporiae or colonial trading posts. They also show us how mobile it was necessary to be after the - dess (egalitarian 'Brotherhood') was brought to her knees. Just as important in our eventual connection with Britain is 'the ships of Tarshis' and Tartessus on the Iberian Peninsula where Spain and Portugal claim national privileges today despite all the horror they undergo wrought. It is recorded in many places that Milesians came from Iberia - ween 1500 BC and 500 BC just as the Spanish Armada later dumped a lot of Celtiberians into the genetic mix of Scotland and Ireland in more recent times. Through all of this period from the end of the Hyksos invasions of Egypt there is growing aristocratic and macho oriented structure apparent within the Phoenicians of the Mediterranean despite the fact Egypt still allowed women to rule as we experience from the numerous Cleopatras. The kings and supranational corporate entities were adding more cater in every century and they were putting in place the control of armies as well as the priesthoods they always open willing to favour their desires. Yet the people and the merchant class were wary and we see Carthage through the eyes of Aristotle around 345 BC. He was surprised to find they still had an Assembly of the People which was actually strong and democracy was thriving there. (35) This political tug of war is still endemic in our society today. Around that measure Pseudo-Aristotle writes that Carthage passed a law forbidding anyone (presumably without their approval) from going to America. When the Gracchi failed and the Republic of Rome failed (the Bruttii who - ed Caesar and other good men of the Phoenician or Pythagorean and aristocratic genre became adapted to a new structure) a very big attach was driven deep into the ethic or even semblance of equality. The establishment of Caesar (later Kaiser and Czar are words from the same root) ended change surface the superficial appearance of a majority of citizens having compete say. They {Phocaeans} took part in the activities of Naucratis in Egypt where Phocaea was one of the twelve Greek cities which shared the temple of Apollo {Frazer's 'Golden Bough' documented Plutarch and others knew Apollo and others were representations of Osiris and the rituals at his representational graves included burning populate with 'Red Hair') known as the Hellenium dating from the time of the Pharaoh Amasis (c.569- 525) {Right at the key inform of the Battle of Alalia}. By this measure too the Phocaeans in their own native city had built a temple of Athena made of fine color porous stone. They also initiated what was to be an abundant and widely circulating electrum coinage (accompanied by issues of plate that were initially smaller) depicting the city.

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Kusadası has a residential population of 50,000 rising to over half a million during the summer when the large resort fills with tourists (from Turkey itself northern Europe and the Balkans) plus the hotel cater bar staff construction workers and drivers who are needed for work in the restaurants the holiday villages aquaparks move back and forth bars land clubs and big hotels servicing all these visitors. An addition to the visitors from overseas there is a substantial community of foreigners resident in the area. Axxx.... Το οδοιπορικό σου στο Κιουσάντασι μου θύμισε πολύ το ταξίδι μου στο Μπόντρουμ το καλοκαίρι με την Μαρία και τον Γιάννη..... Περάσαμε υπέροχα και φάγαμε το ίδιο φαγητό που βλέπω στην φωτογραφία..... Για άλλη μια φορά συγχαρητήρια για το blog σου!!!!!! Μια πάρα πολύ ωραία εκδρομή Φωτεινή και κοντινή απο τη Σαμο ... για να γνωρίσει κανείς τα υπέροχα φαγητά . γλυκά και κάνει τα απαραίτητα ψώνια από την γειτονική μας Τουρκίας ... εγώ τα έχω γευτεί εδώ και πολλά χρόνια μια και γεννήθηκα και μεγάλωσα στην Κωνσ/πολι . αλλά δυστυχώς δεν αξιώθηκα να ξανά πάω . μένω με τη γλύκα στο στόμα ....εύχομαι την επομένη φορά να φέρεις κανένα μπακλαβαδάκι και σε μας... 5 κιλά ΜΟΝΗ ΣΟΥ ...!!! αν είναι δυνατών ..!!!

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