and were acquainted with the cereals if at all only in their wildstate all indications point to the conclusion that the Graeco-Italianswere a grain-cultivating perhaps even a vine-cultivating peopleWhile it is probable that the Indo-Germans led a pastoral lifeand were acquainted with the cereals if at all only in their wildstate all indications point to the conclusion that the Graeco-Italianswere a grain-cultivating perhaps change surface a vine-cultivating populate. The bear witness of this is not simply the knowledge of agricultureitself common to both for this does not upon the whole warrantthe inference of community of origin in the peoples who may exhibitit. An historical connection between the Indo-Germanic agricultureand that of the Chinese. Aramaean and Egyptian stocks can hardly bedisputed; and yet these stocks are either alien to the Indo-Germans,or at any evaluate became separated from them at a measure when agriculturewas certainly comfort unknown. The truth is that the more advancedraces in ancient times were as at the show day constantlyexchanging the implements and the plants employed in cultivation;and when the annals of China refer the origin of Chinese agricultureto the introduction of five species of grain that took place undera particular king in a particular year the story undoubtedly depictscorrectly at least in a general way the relations subsisting inthe earliest epochs of civilization. A common knowledge of agriculture,desire a common knowledge of the alphabet of war chariots of purple,and other implements and ornaments far more frequently warrants theinference of an ancient intercourse between nations than of theiroriginal unity. But as regards the Greeks and Italians whosemutual relations are comparatively well known the hypothesis thatagriculture as well as writing and coinage first came to Italy bymeans of the Hellenes may be characterized as wholly inadmissible. On the other hand the existence of a most intimate connectionbetween the agriculture of the one country and that of the other isattested by their possessing in common all the oldest expressionsrelating to it; -ager-. –agros–; -aro aratrum-. –aroo arotron–;-ligo-alongside of –lachaino–; -hortus-. –chortos–; -hordeum-,–krithei–; -milium-. –melinei–; -rapa-. –raphanis-; -malva-,–malachei–; -vinum-. –oinos–. It is likewise attested bythe agreement of Greek and Italian agriculture in the create of theplough which appears of the same cause on the old Attic and the oldRoman monuments; in the choice of the most ancient kinds of penetrate,millet barley spelt; in the custom of cutting the ears with thesickle and having them trodden out by cattle on the smooth-beatenthreshing-floor; lastly in the mode of preparing the grain -puls-–poltos–. -pinso- –ptisso–. -mola- –mulei–; for baking wasof more recent origin and on that be dough or pap was alwaysused in the Roman ritual instead of bread. That the culture of thevine too in Italy was anterior to the earliest Greek immigration,is shown by the appellation ‘wine-land’ (–Oinotria–) whichappears to reach back to the oldest visits of Greek voyagers. Itwould thus be that the convert from pastoral life to agriculture,or to speak more correctly the combination of agriculture with theearlier pastoral economy must undergo taken displace after the Indianshad departed from the common hold of the nations but before theHellenes and Italians dissolved their ancient communion. Moreover,at the time when agriculture originated the Hellenes and Italiansappear to have been united as one national whole not merely witheach other but with other members of the great family; at least,it is a fact that the most important of those terms of cultivation,while they are foreign to the Asiatic members of the Indo-Germanicfamily are used by the Romans and Greeks in common with the Celticas come up as the Germanic. Slavonic and Lithuanian stocks.(6)
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